jPl B C 

OF THE 

Swedish System of Educational 
Gymnastics. 



A PRACTICAL HAND-BOOK FOR SCHOOL 
TEACHERS AND THE HOME. 

HARTVia NISSEN, 

Instructor of Physical Training in the Public Schools of Boston, Mass. ; Instructor of Swedish 
and German Gyranasties at Harvard University's Summer School, 1891 ; formerly In- 
structor of Physical Culture at the Catholic University, Washington, D. C. ; Instructor 
of Physical Culture and Gymnastics at the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 
Md. ; Instructor in the Woman's Gymnasium and Director of the Swedish 
Health Institute, Washington, D. C. ; Assistant Teacher and Principal 
of Ghristiania Turnforening ; Instructor of Gymnastics in the Latin 
School of Drammen, and in the Gymnastic Clubs of the Cities of 
Drammen, Holmestrand, and Kongsberg in Norway, Europe ; 
Author of " Health by Exercise without Apparatus," 
" A Manual on Swedish Movement and Massage 
Treatment," etc., etc. 




F. A. DAVIS, PUBLISHER, 
1891. 



\ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1891, by 
F. A. DAVIS, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C, U. S. A. 



Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.: 
The Medical Bulletin Printing House, 
1231 Filbert Street. 



PREFACE. 



During my many years of experience as a teacher 
of gymnastics I have been asked numerous questions 
which, to a professional man, seem so simple that he 
often forgets to answer them satisfactorily. 

The same is true of most treatises on Swedish g3'm- 
nastics. The science and theory are often very skill- 
fully treated ; but the most common questions are not 
answered, and the practical work, which should serve as 
a guide to the inexperienced teacher, is stuffed with 
scientific terms and shortened words and sentences. So 
it happens that the teacher becomes confused or even 
wholly averse to the subject as one requiring too much 
of his precious time. 

Since the Swedish system of educational gymnastics 
has been introduced into the public schools of Boston, 
it has become a necessity to have a practical hand-book, 
both for the teachers and the many homes where gym- 
nastics are practiced. Wherefore, I have tried to furnish 
a book which will give plain answers to the most fre- 
quent questions ; prescriptions of exercises for chil- 
dren of different ages, from the third class in primary 
schools up to the first class in grammar schools ; with 
full commands for each exercise, and illustrated by cuts. 

(iii) 



iv Preface. 

The cuts are copied from the works of well-known 
authors in Sweden and Norway , — Liedbeck, Norlander, 
Balck, and Bjornstad, — and I believe they will make it 
very easy for anj^body to see how the exercises should 
be done. 

I believe the Swedish system of gj^mnastics to be the 
best for schools and homes ; but I believe, also, that 
gymnasiums, colleges, and universities would find a 
combination system better suited to their peculiar 
needs. I hope to be able to arrange a book with a full 
description of such a combination system. 

At present a practical hand-book of the Swedish 
system of educational gymnastics to guide the teachers 
is most necessary, and I therefore offer this book to the 
public. 

Hartvig Nissen. 

Boston, Mass., August 17, 1891. 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE 

Preface, iii 

Explanatory Notes, vii 

CHAPTER I. 

I. Gymnastics in General, . . . . 1 

II. Educational Gymnastics, . . . ■ . 2 

III. The Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics, 3 

IV. On Gymnastic Apparatus, .... 4 

CHAPTER II. 
On Swedish Educational Gymnastics. 

1. Arrangement, 5 

II. Positions, 6 

III. Primary Movements and Commanding 

Words, . .19 

IV. Instruction, 36 

V. Day's Order and Progression, ... 38 

CHAPTER HI. 
Tables of Exercises. 

I. Tables for Second and Third Class Pri- 

mary Schools, 43 

II. Tables for First Class Primary Schools, . 49 

(y) 



vi 



Contents. 



III. Tables for Fifth and Sixth Class Gram- 
mar Schools, 55 

lY. Tables for Third and Fourth Class Gram- 
mar Schools, 66 

V. Tables for First and Second Class Gram- 
mar Schools, 81 

Index of Engravings, . . . . . .103 

Index, 105 



EXPLANATORY NOTES. 



Note I. — The teacher should study the Day's Order 
which he (or she) is to teach so he knows it by heart, 
or he may write it on a small card to be used as a 
memorandum. 

Note II. — In arranging the children for gymnastic 
exercises in class-rooms, place the shortest ones in front 
and the tallest behind. Let the child stand between the 
seats (and not between the desks), but have first, third, 
fifth, and seventh row four inches in front of second, 
fourth, and sixth row. This will give all room neces- 
sary, both for arm and leg exercises. 

Note III. — The Swedish mode of facings are : Turn 
on the left heel and right toe to the left, and on the right 
heel and left toe to the right, in two counts. For in- 
stance : Left — face 1 Raise the left ball of foot and the 
right heel and turn 90 degrees to the left side, let the left 
ball and toes sink and keep the balance on the whole left 
foot, steadied by the right toe. At Two! place the 
right foot in to the left (heels together, toes out, 90 
degrees). Keep a perfect balance all through. 

(vii) 



THE SWEDISH SYSTEM 

OF 

EDUCATIONAL GYMNASTICS, 



CHAPTER 1. 
I. Gymnastics in General. 

What are gymnastics ? 

Sj^stematic bodily exercises. 

What are systematic exercises ? 

Exercises based on scientific principles and founded 
on physiological rules, and on estlietical and psychologi- 
cal truth. There must be a reason for every movement. 

How many kinds of gymnastics are there ? 

Four kinds, viz. : Medical, Educational, Military, and 
Esthetical gymnastics. 

What are Medical gymnastics ? 

Exercises — either passive, assistive, active, or re- 
sistive — prescribed by a physician or medical gymnast, 
with a view of restoring health to diseased parts, or to 
develop certain parts of the bod3^ 

What are Educational gymnastics? 

Active or resistive exercises performed in classes, 
at the command of a teacher, with a view of educating 
the mind and body. 

1 A (1) 



2 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 

What are Military gymnastics? 

Exercises which have a strictly military purpose. 

What are Estheticai gymnastics? 

Active exercises performed either after music or 
command, with a special view of producing graceful 
postures and an easy and graceful bod}^ 

Will all these gymnastics be considered in this i)Ook? 

No. Only the Educational gymnastics. 

II. Educational Gymnastics. 

What is the object of Educational gymnastics ? 

First, By movements suitable to the human organ- 
ism, and, step by step, leading out from each other to 
develop the body and to produce strength and health. 

Second, By increasing the strength of the bod3^ and 
by enduran<^ and skill to develop freshness of mind, 
powerful will, resoluteness, and courage. 

Third, To assist the school in its educational work, 
by making the pupil accustomed to strict attention, 
quick and exact execution of given orders ; to master 
his own will, and to subordinate himself as a part of a 
great totality. 

How are these results obtained? 

Thereby that the lessons are constructed after a 
certain rule with progressive movements, and that the 
pupils from the beginning are accustomed to execute 
all exercises with precision, earnestness, and with full 
power. 



Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics, 3 

Will such lessons always have good results ? 
* No. 

What else, then, is necessary? 

That the instruction be quick and livel}^, without 
dullness, so that the exercises will be refreshing both 
to mind and body. 

III. The Best Kind of Educational Gymnastics. 

Are there more than one kind of Educational gymnastics? 

Yes. But in this book the Swedish system onl}' is 
considered. 

Why? 

Because it is the best arranged for use in school- 
rooms. 

What makes it better than other systems? 

First, Its " Day's Order " and Progression. 
Second, Because it gives a full, systematic exercise 
without the use of apparatus. 

What is Day's Order? 

The programme according to which a lesson is laid 
out. 

What is Progression ? 

A steady growth from the minimum of a thing — or 
exercise — to the maximum. 



4 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 

IV. On Gymistastic Apparatus. 

Does no other system of gymnastics give full systematic 
exercise without apparatus ? 

No. All other sj^stems employ some kind or another 
of apparatus. 

Is it not necessary to use apparatus? 

No. Not for the sake of education, strength, and 
health. 

When, then? 

For the sake of varietj^, skill, courage, and special 
development. 

Do we always receive good results from exercise without 
apparatus? 
No. 

When are good results obtained? 

When the exercises are taught by a careful and 
interested teacher and performed in a correct manner 
by interested pupils. 



CHAPTER II. 



ON SWEDISH EDUCATIONAL GYMNASTICS. 

I. Arrangement. 

How are Swedish educational gymnastics arranged? 

In three parts, viz : — 

First. Order and Marching exercises. 

Second, The Real g3^mnastic exercises, which are 
divided into (a) Introductory movements and (6) Prin- 
cipal movements. 

Third. Gymnastic Games. 

What are Order and Marching exercises? 

Exercises given to draw the pupils' attention away 
from their study and to the gymnastic lesson, — to make 
the class in order and ready for the Real gymnastics. 

What are Introductory movements ? 

They are positions and simplest or primary Leg, 
Arm, Head, and Trunk movements. 

What are Principal movements? 

They are stronger and more difficult movements, and 
have a special effect on the different parts of the body, 
and are classified and named thereafter. 

What are Gymnastic Games? 

Running plays, wrestling, pulling ropes, dancing, etc. 

(5) 



6 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



Give some examples of Order and Marching exercises. 

Fall in! Attention! Right (or forward) — dress! 
Right (or left) — face ! One step forward — inarch ! Two 
steps to right — march ! Count by — twoes ! Open ranks 
— march ! 

II. Positions. 

Is it necessary to stand in correct position when exer- 
cising ? 

Yes ; absolutely. The correct fundamental and 
starting positions are the chief points to be considered 
in the Swedish system of gymnastics, and they must be 
maintained all through the exercise. 

Why? 

Because all the movements are based on the shape 
of the human body in correct position ; when all the 
different parts are in harmony with each other. 

What would be the result of exercises performed in an 
incorrect position ? 

A disfigured body. A more or less contracted chest 
and stooping head and shoulders, with consequently 
undeveloped lungs. This will hinder the free and easy 
respiration and the circulation of the blood. Curvature 
of the spine may also be the result of incorrect positions. 

What are the positions? 

The Fundamental position and a number of Starting 
positions derived from it. 

How is the Fundamental position ? 

1. Heels together, with toes turned out so as to make 
a right angle (90 degrees) between the feet. 



Positions, 



7 



2. Knees straight, without any strain. 

3. Hips even in the same plane and drawn well back 
so as to keep the abdomen in. 

4. The chest raised well forward and expanded. 

5. The shoulders even in the same plane, drawn back 
without being pushed up and without stiffness. 

6- The arms hanging down to the sides in straight 
line from shoulder to tip of fingers ; 
palms in toward the thigh, but not on 
the front of it. 

7. The head raised even on the 
shoulders and chin drawn in. 

8. Eyes looking straight forward. 

9. The weight of the body on the 
balls of the feet, maintaining a perfect 
balance. (Fig. 1.) 

Why shall the feet be in 90 degrees 
toward each other? 

Because it gives a better and broader 
base, and it makes it easier to take other 
positions in outward and backward-out- 
ward directions. 

What reason is there for keeping the 
rest of the body in the named 
positions ? 

The shape of the human frame, which in a natural 
state demands these positions ; if otherwise, it will be 
unnatural. 

What are the Starting positions? 

1. Close. 2. Stride. 3. Forward— walk. 4. Out- 
ward — walk. 5. Forward — fall out. 6. Outward — fall 





Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



out. 7. Hips— firm. 8. Neck— firm. 9. Arms— upward 
— bend. 10. Arms — forward— bend. 11. Arms — half 

forward — bend. 12. Arms — sideways. 13. Arms 

forward. 14. Arms — upward. 

What does Close mean ? 

That the feet are no longer in 90 degrees toward each 
other, but parallel and close to each other. (Pig. 2.) 

What Is the command for this position ? 

Feet— close! and, to resume fundamental position, 
Feet — open ! 

How is it done ? 

By raising the toes and balls of the 
feet and turning them on the heels with- 
out bending the body. 

Is this also used as an exercise ? 

Yes. As a Leg and Correcting 
exercise. 

Why is it a Leg exercise ? 

Because the muscles of the leg are 
brought into active play. 

What good is there in Leg exercises ? 

They draw the blood from the upper parts of the 
body down toward the feet, thereby equalizing the cir- 
culation of the blood, and they also strengthen the 
muscles of the legs. 

Why is Feet — close a Correcting exercise ? 

Because it draws the pupils' attention to the position 
of the feet, and it teaches them to keep the feet in the 
correct position. 




Fig. 2. 



Positions, 



9 



When shall this exercise be used ? 

Whenever the teacher notices that the position of 
the feet is incorrect. 

What does Stride mean ? 

That the feet are braced apart with a distance of two 
feet's length between the heels, still maintaining the 
direction of 90 degrees toward each other. (Fig. 3.) 

What is the command for this position ? 

Feet — sidewa3^s — place ! and, to resume fundamental 
position, Feet — together — place I 



How is it done? 

In two counts. On the first count the left foot is 
placed one foot's distance straight to the left side, and 
on the second count the right foot is placed one foot's 
distance straight to the right side. The knees are kept 
straight and the body is balanced evenly on both legs. 
(Fig. 3.) When placed together the left foot is first 
placed back to its former place, then the right. 

is this also used as an exercise? 

Yes ; as a Leg exercise for beginners. 

What does Forward— wallc mean? 

That one foot is placed straight forward with a dis- 
tance of two feet between the heels, still maintaining 

1* 




One! 



Fig. 3. 



10 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



the direction of 90 degrees toward each other. The 
body is balanced evenly on both legs. (Fig. 4.) 

What is the command for this position ? 

Left (or right) foot — forward — place 1 and, to resume 
fundamental position, Left (or right) foot — replace I 




Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 



What does Outward — walk mean? 

That one foot is placed outward^ in the direction 
of its toes, — straight between forward and sideways 
(oblique), — with a distance of two feet between the 
heels, still maintaining the direction of 90 degrees 
toward the feet, the body balanced evenly on both 
legs, and square to the front without being twisted. 
(Fig. 5.) 



Positions, 



11 



What is the command for this position ? 

Left (or right) foot — outward — place ! and, to resume 
fundamental position, Left (or right) foot — replace! 
Also used as Leo; exercise for beginners. 

What does Forward — fall out mean? 

That one foot is placed straight forward with a dis- 
tance of three feet between the heels, the feet main- 
taining the direction of 90 degrees toward each 
other. The front knee is bent to a right angle ; the 
body at once thrown forward so as to make a straight 
line with the back and backward 
leg, w^hich is kept straight. 
The chest well forward and 
square to the front. The head 
well up and chin in. (Fig. 6.) 

What is the command for this 
position ? 

Left (or right) — forward — 
fall out ! and, to resume funda- fig. 6. 

mental position, Position! This 

is also a Leg exercise, besides being a Starting position 
for a number of other exercises. 

What does Outward — fall out mean? 

That one foot is placed outimrd in the direction of 
its toes (oblique) with a distance of three feet between 
the heels, the feet still in 90 degrees tow^ard each 
other. The front knee is bent to a right angle and kept 
well out over the toes ; the body at once thrown over the 
front knee so as to make a straight line with the back 
and backward leg, which is kept straight. The chest 
well forward and square to the front, wdthout twisting 




12 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



the body. The head well up, chin in, and eyes looking 
straight forward. (Pig. t.) 

What is the command for this position ? 

Left (or right) — outward — fall out I and, to resume 
fundamental position, Position! This is a Leg exercise 
as well as a Starting position. 

What does Hips — ^firm mean ? 

That the hands are placed, on the waist with a 
full grip over the hip-bone; the thumb 
behind and the four other fingers 
togetlier, in front, pointing slightly 
downward; the wrist kept straight, / v 





Fig. 7. 



Fig. 8. 



one line from th^ elbow to the middle finger; the 
shoulders maintaining the fundamental position; the 
elbows pointing sideways, slightly backward ; chest 
well forward. (Pig. 8.) 

What is the command fop this position ? 

Hips — firm! and, to resume fundamental position, 
Position 1 



Positions. 



13 



How is It done ? 

The hands are drawn quickly up and placed firmly 
on the hips without jerk. 

What is it good for? 

1. It makes it easier to keep the balance. 

2. It isolates the abdomen from the upper trunk, so 
that exercises can be better confined to the special 
parts wanted. 

8. It supports the respiratory muscles, thereby 
making the respiration freer. 

Why shall the thumb be behind and the other fingers in 
front ? 

If it be reversed the upper arm will be rotated for- 
ward, thus pushing the shoulders forward and compress- 
ing the chest. 

Why shall the wrist be straight? 

Because, by keeping it straight it is impossible to 
bring the elbow too far back, which, otherwise, is a com- 
mon fault. Besides, it is as easy to maintain a full grip 
over the hips in this manner as in others, and it looks 
better. 

Is this an exercise ? 

Yes. It is an easy Arm exercise for beginners, be- 
sides being one of the most used Starting positions. 

What does Neck— firm mean ? 

That the hands are placed on the neck, fingers meet- 
ing behind ; the shoulders and arms drawn well back ; 
the chest expanded, and the head remaining erect. If 



14 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 

position is right, the muscles of the arm, neck, and 
shoulders will feel contracted. (Fig. 9.) 

What is the command for this position? 

Neck — firm! and, to resume fundamental position, 
Position ! 

How is it done? 

The hands are quickly raised sideways and placed 
behind the neck without moving the head or trunk. The 
arms and shoulders are carried back- 
ward at once, and not after the hands 
have been placed on the neck. 

What is it good for ? 

1. It expands the chest more than 
in other positions. 

2. It allows the blood to flow 
easier to the arm, because it extends 
the axillary artery. 

3. It makes exercises performed 
in this position more powerful than 
in some other positions on account 

Fig. ^9. of its longer lever and because it is 

harder to maintain. 

Why shall the arms and shoulders be drawn back? 

Because otherwise they will push the head forward 
and compress the chest. 

Is this an exercise? 

Yes, It is a good Shoulder-blade exercise. 

What does Arms — upward — bend meqn ? 

That the fore-arms are bent in the elbow-joint as far 
as possible up to the upper-arm and rotated outward; 




Positions. 



15 




Fig. 10. 



the semi-flexed fingers pointing toward the shoulders; 
the upper-arms close to the body. (Fig. 10.) 

What is the command for this position? 

Arms — upward — bend 1 and, to resume 
fundamental position, Position I 

How is it done? 

The fore-arms are rotated outward and 
bent in the elbow-joint witli moderate 
speed and an even movement, without any 
jerking ; the upper-arms are kept close and 
immovable to the hody. The fingers are 
slightly bent and pointed toward the 
shoulders — not toward tlie chest. 

What is it good for? 

It is the Starting position for all arm extensions; 
and it is an easy Arm exercise for beginners. 

What does Arms — forward— bend mean? 

That the upper-arms are raised hori- 
zon tall}^ sideivays, with the fore-arms 
sharply bent upon them in the front; 
hands, fingers, wrists, and fore-arms in 
one line, and in height with the upper- 
arm and shoulder; the palm of hand 
turned downward ; the shoulders kept 
well back, so as not to allow the fingers 
to meet in front ; neither must the thumb 
touch the chest. If done right, the chest 
will feel expanded and the muscles of the 
back contracted. (Fig. 11.) 

What is the command for this position ? 

Arms — forward — bend! and, to resume fundamental 
position. Position! 




16 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 

What is it good for ? 

It expands the chest and is the Starting position for 
several Back and Side movements. It is also an Arm 
movement for beginners. 

What does Arms — half forward — bend mean ? 

That the upper-arms are raised horizontally sideways^ 
with the fore-arms bent to a right angle in the elbow- 
joint; hands, fingers, wrists, and fore-arms in one line 
straight forward^ and in height with the upper-arm and 
shoulder; palms turned toward each other; shoulders 
well back. (Fig. 12.) 



What is the command for this position? 

Arms — half forward — bend I and, to resume funda- 
mental position. Position! 

How is it done ? 

The arms, bent to 90 degrees at the elbows, are 
raised quickly sidewaj^s to the height of the shoulders, 
which are drawn well back. 

What is it good for? 

It expands the chest ; it is a Shoulder-blade move- 
ment, and it is a Starting position for many powerful 
Back movements. 




Fig. 12. 



Positions. 



IT 



What does Arms— sideways mean ? 

That the arms are raised horizontally sideways^ and 
kept in a straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers ; 
shoulders well back ; palms of hands down. (See Pig. 36.) 
What is the command for this position ? 

Arms — sideways — raise ! and, to resume fundamental 
position, Arms — downward — sink I It can also be com- 
manded : Arms — sideways — stretch I and Arms — down- 
ward — stretch I 

How is it done ? 

1. Arms — sideways — raise is done 
by raising the fully extended arms 
from the shoulder straight up side- 
ways to the height of the shoulder, 
without an}^ bending. 

2. Arms — sideways — stretch is 
done by first making Arms — upward 
— bend, and from that position stretch- 
ing the arms quickly out sideways. 

What is it good for ? 

1. It is an Arm movement and 
broadens the chest. 

2. It extends the axillar}^ artery to some extent, and 
therefore makes the flow of blood easier to the arm. 

3. It makes a longer lever, and thereby adds more 
power to exercises performed in this position. 

What does Arms— forward mean ? 

That the arms are raised horizontally /ori^ar^Z and 
kept in a straight line from shoulder to tips of fingers, 
— parallel with each other ; palms of the hands turned 
toward each other. fFig. 14.) 




Fig. 14. 



18 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



What is the command for this position ? 

Arms — forward — raise ! and Arms — downward — 
sink ! Or, Arms — forward — streteli ! and Arms — down- 
ward — stretch ! 

How is it done? 

1. Arms — forward — raise is done by raising the fully 
extended arms from the shoulders straight up forward 
to the height of the shoulders without any bending. 
The trunk must be kept perfectlj^- still and not bent 
backward, pushing the shoulders and abdomen forward, 
which is a common fault in this exercise. 

2. Arms — forward — stretch is done by 
first making Arms — upward — bend, and 
from this position stretching the arms 
quickly forward parallel with each other; 
the head, trunk, and legs immovable. 

What is it good for? 

It is an Arm movement and gives ex- 
ercise to the chest-muscles, and it lengthens 
the lever for other exercises. 

What does Arms — upward mean ? 

That the arms are in a perpendicular 
position — in straight line from shoulders to 
tips of fingers — above the head ; the shoulders and arms 
drawn well back to the ears and parallel with each other ; 
palms of the hands turned toward each other. The head 
must be kept erect and trunk and legs straight. (Fig. 15.) 
What is the command for this position ? 

Arms — forward and upward — raise ! Or, Arms — 
sideways and upward — raise 1 Or, Arms — upward — 
stretch I 




Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 19 

How is it done ? 

1. Arms — forward and upward — raise is done by rais- 
ing the fully extended arms from the shoulders straight 
up in front till they are perpendicular on the shoulders. 

2. Arms — sideways and upward — raise is done by 
raising the fully extended arms from the shoulders 
straight up at the sides, when horizontally the palms of 
the hands are turned upward and the arms are raised 
until they stand perpendicular on the shoulders. 

3. Arms — upward — stretch is done by first making 
Arms — upward — bend, and from this position the arms 
are stretched quickly up alongside the ears. 

What is it good fop? 

1. It gives the longest lever for other exercises. 

2. It is a good Arm movement and elevates the 
chest. 

3. It extends the axillary artery. 

Are these all the positions ? 

No ; but all other positions are leading out from or 
derived from them. 

Are all exercises performed in these positions? 

Yes ; and in two or more of them combined. 

III. Primary Movements and COxMMAnding 

AVORDS. 

What is a command? 

A command consists of two parts : — 

First, The prejyaratory^descYihmg the exercise with 
load, distinct, and moderately slow voice ; and 

Second, The executory, which gives the time when 
the exercise is to be done : in a sharp, short voice, if 



20 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



the movement shall be quick, and with a lingering voice 
if it shall be done slowly. 

Are the exercises never to be performed at the Pre- 
paratory command ? 

No. The pupils should not move a muscle before 
the last Executory word has been said. 

Is this without exception ? 

There is only one exception, viz. : About — face I 
which here is taught after the United States Army 
regulations. 

Which are the Executive words? 

Attention I Position I Dress I Front ! Face I 
March! Haiti Close I Open I Place! Fall out! 
Raise! Fling! Sink! Bend! Stretch! Circling! 
Rotate ! Twist ! Jump ! Rest ! 

What does Attention mean? 

1. If in the beginning of the lesson, or, the class is 
in Resting position, it means straighten up to funda- 
mental position. 

2. Otherwise it means he attentive to what is coming ; 
listen to the teacher, but do not change the position in 
which you are, until otherwise commanded. 

What does Position mean ? 

It means that, in whatever position the pupils may 
be, they shall resume the fundamental position as quick 
as possible. 

Can Attention and Position be used alternately? 

No. They have two different meanings. 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 21 



What does Dress mean ? 

Look in direction commanded and see tliat the line 
is straight. 

How many Dresses are there? 

Three : Right (or left) — dress 1 From the middle — 
dress I Forward — dress! (Fig. 16.) 

What does Front mean ? 

Look straight forward. 

What does Face mean ? 

Turn the whole bodj^ to right 
or left, without changing place. 

How many Faces are there? 

Three : Right (or left)— face 1 
Half-right (or left) — face! About 
— face I 

How are they executed ? 

1. Right (or left) — face is 
done by raising the right foot 
and turning 90 degrees on the 
left heel to the commanded side, and then placing the 
right foot in to the left, maintaining the right angle 
toward the feet. 

2. Half-right (or left) — face is done in the same 
manner, only turning half-way^ or 45 degrees, to the 
commanded side. 

3. About — face is done in two counts. When the 
word About is said, the right foot is placed three inches 
behind the left foot, and the feet are turned so that the 
left foot points straight forward and the right foot is 
in a right angle toward tlie left. When Face is said, the 
right foot is raised and a turn of 180 degrees from 




I — » 



22 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



the front is done to the right side on the left heel, when 
the right foot is placed in to the left, maintaining 90 de- 
grees between the feet. (Fig. 17.) All these Facings 
are done on the left heel to either side, About — face 
always to the right side. 

Are these Swedish modes of Facing ? 

No. They are United States Army regulations. 




Right about 



.Face ! 



Fia. 17. 



Are they any better than the Swedish? 

No. They are one-sided^ and make it more diffi- 
cult to keep the balance. 

Why are they used here, then ? 

Because the children and especiallj^ all boys know 
it, and in military drill will have to do it that y^^y. 
And as the School gymnastics will not be able to 
change the Army regulations, it is better to use them 
and keep out of too much confusion. 

What does March mean ? 

Start to walk or to run. 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 23 

How shall we start? 

Always with the left foot. 

What does Halt mean? 

Stop walking or running. 

How is that done ? 

1. Walking is stopped in tivo connts. On the first 
count one step is taken after the word Halt has been 
said, and on the second connt the other foot is placed 
alongside the front foot, maintaining 90 degrees toward 
each other. 

2. Running or quick-time — march is stopped in four 
counts. Three short steps are taken after the word 
Halt^ and on the fourth count the backward foot is 
placed alongside the front one, in fundamental position. 

What does Close and Open mean ? 

To take the close-standing position and to resume 
fundamental position. 

What does Place mean ? 

To take the Stride or Walk standing positions. 

What does Fall out mean ? 

To take the Forward or Outward Fall-out positions. 

Are there other directions than Forward and Outward? 

Yes. Sidewa^^s, Outward backward, and Backward. 

What do these words mean ? 

1. Sidewa^^s means in a straight line to the side. 

2. Outward backward means oblique backward, be- 
tween sideways and straight backward. For instance : 
the left foot is placed outward backward to the left in 
the direction of the right heel. 

3. Backward means straight backward. 



24 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 

What does Raise mean ? 

That the part prescribed is lifted straight up in the 
direction commanded. 

Give some examples of Raise. 

Heels — raise ! Toes— raise I Leg — raise ! Arms — » 
raise ! Head — raise ! Trunk — raise ! 

How are these exercises performed ? 

1. Heels — raise is done b}^ lifting both heels as high 
up as possible, still keeping them togethe?^, and without 



bending the knees or body. This should, as a rule, be 
done quickly. (Fig. 18.) 

2. Toes — raise is done b}^ lifting the toes and ball of 
the foot as high as possible without bending the body 
or losing the balance. 

3. Leg — raise is done byjifting the whole leg in 
direction prescribed, from the hip, with knee straight 
and toes pointed. A slow movement. (Fig. 19.) 

4. Arms — raise is done by lifting the whole arm, in 




Fig. 18. 



Fig. 19. 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 25 



— 



. direction prescribed, from tlie slioulder, -w^itli elbow, 
wrist, and fingers straigiit. Slow movement. 

5. Head — raise is done by straightening head up from 
its bent position to the fundamental. Slow movement. 

6. Trunk — raise is done by resuming the fundamental 
position of the trunk when it is bent to either side. As 
a rule, slow. 

What does Fling mean? 

It means to throw or to 
raise the arms in a very 
quick manner. 

Give some examples of Fling. 

1. Arms — forward and 
upward — fling ! When the 
arms are raised as quick as 
possible straight forward 
and upward until they are 
perpendicular on the shoul- 
ders. From Arms — forward 
— bend command. 

2. Arms — sideways — fling 1 When they are thrown 
or stretched quickly out sideways to Arms-sidewa3^s 
position without moving the upper arms. (Fig. 20.) 
From Arms — forward command. 

3. Arms — sideways — fling I When the straight arms 
are thrown sidewa3'S to Arms-sideways position, keeping 
the shoulder well back, chest well forward, and head up. 

What does Sink mean ? 

To resume the fundamental position with the raised 
heels, toes, legs, or arms in the same manner that they 
were raised. 

2 B 




26 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



What does Bend mean? 

To flex a joint. 

Give some examples of Bend. 

Foot — bend 1 Knees — bend ! Knee — upward — bend ! 
Arms — upward — bend I Arms — forward — bend ! Head 
—backward — bend I Head — sidewaj^s — bend ! Trunk — 
backward — bend ! Trunk — forward — bend I Trunk — 
sideways — bend 1 

How are these exercises done? 

1. Foot — bend is done b}^ flexing 
the ankle-joint, raising the toes up 





I'm. 21. Fig. 22. 

toward the knee, while the leg is raised up from the 
ground. 

2. Knees — bend is done by bending the knees to a 
right angle (90 degrees) when standing on tip-toes. The 
knees must be kept well out to point over the corre- 
sponding toes, and the heels together ; the back straight, 
and chest well forward ; head up. (Fig. 21.) 

3. Knee — upward — bend is done by raising the thigh 
horizontally forward so that it makes a right angle with 
the hip ; the leg hanging perpendicularly down, making 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 27 



a right angle in the knee-joint; the toes pointed clown. 
(Fig. 22.) 

4. Arms — upward — bend and 

5. Arms — ^forward — bend are already described. 

6. Head — backward — bend is done b}^ flexing the 
liead slowly backward, without pushing the chin forward 
or changing the position of body. (Fig. 23.) 

t. Head — sideways — bend is done by flexing the head 
slowly to the side, without twisting it or moving the 
shoulders or trunk. 
/^tiTI^^ 8- Trunk — backward — bend is done 
^ b}^ flexing the trunk backward, making 
an even curve of the whole spiue from 




Fig. 24. 



the neck to the small of the back. The head must 
not be kept forward nor be bent to a strained position 
backward ; it shall follow the movement in line with 
the curved spine. The knees must be kept straight. 
(Fig. 24.) This exercise has the effect of straightening 
the neck and back and arching the chest forward, but it 
should be done slowly and never so far as to produce an 
uncomfortable feeling of strain or backache. 

9. Trunk — forward — bend is done by flexing the 



28 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



trunk forward in the hips, keeping the shoulders and 
head well back and the chest well forward. (Fig. 25.) 
This exercise strengthens the muscles of the back and 
also arches the chest forward. It should be done slowl3^ 

The two exercises Trunk — forward — and Trunk- 
backward — bend may very well be used alternately. 

10. Trunk — sideways — bend is done by flexing the 
trunk to the side, curving the whole spine, without 
twisting ; head following the movement, without push- 
ing up the shoulders ; legs straight. 
(Fig. 26.) This exercise has a very 




Fig. 25. 




Fig. 26. 



excellent effect on the circulation of the blood, and 
strengthens the muscles of the waist. For beginners it 
is done slowly, but may after awhile change in quickness. 

What does Stretch mean? 

Stretch means an extension of a flexed joint; conse- 
quentl}^ it is necessary to bend before we can stretch. 

Give examples of Stretch. 

Foot — stretch I Knees— stretch I Leg — forward — 
stretch 1 Leg— backward— stretch ! Arms— forward, 
sideways, upward, backward, and downward— stretch 1 



Primary Movements and Commanding Woi^ds. 29 

How are these exercises done ? 

1. Foot — stretch is done by extending the already 
bent foot. Foot — bend and stretch are generally done 
alternately. 

2. Knees — stretch is done by extending the already 
bent knees. There should be commanded Knees — bend ! 
before they can be stretched. 

3. Leg forward — stretch is done by extending the 
leg forward after the knee a 



is done by extending the leg backward after the knee 
has been bent upward. (Fig. 28.) 

5. Arms — forward, side waj^s, upward, backward, and 
downward — stretch are always done in two counts each. 
On the first count the arms are bent upward : Arms — 
upward — bend I On the second count the arms are ex- 
tended quickly and sharply in the direction commanded, 
without moving the rest of the body. (Fig. 29.) The 




Figs. 27 and 28. 



Fig. 29. 



30 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



command is Arms — forward (or other direction) — 
stretch I 

Why do we not Stretch the head and trunk from a Bent 
position ? 

Because stretch indicates an exercise performed 
quickly and with force; and as the head and trunk 
resume fundamental positions from a bent position in a 
slow and quiet manner, we prefer to use the command 
of Eaise for these parts of the body. 

What does Circling mean? 

To move the part prescribed in a circle. 

Give some examples of Circling. 

Foot — circling. Arm — circling. Head — circling. 
Trunk — circling. 

How are these exercises done ? 

1. Foot — circling is done by moving the foot arouud 
in the ankle-joint, when the leg is raised up from the 
ground. This limbers and strengthens the joint. 

2. Arm — circling is done b}^ moving the arms around 
in the shoulder-joint, when in Arms-sideways position. 
They should always be moved in a circle upward, back- 
ward, downward, and forward, and not reverse. A 
Respiratory movement. 

3. Head — circling is done by moving the head slowly 
around in a circle with an even movement, without 
twisting or jerking ; first to the left side, then as man}^ 
times to the other side. The shoulders, as also the rest 
of the body, are kept steady. (Fig. 30.) Especially 
good for the circulation. 

4. Trunk — circling is done by moving the trunk slowly 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words. 31 

around from tlie waist, describing as large a circle as 
possible ; first to the left side, then as many times to 
the other side. The trunk must not be twisted, but be 
square to the front ; the chest well expanded ; the hips, 
shoulders, and head steady ; the legs straight. (Fig. 31.) 
This has a very good effect on the circulation of the 
blood and the digestive organs. 

What does Rotation mean? 

To turn the parts described around its long axis. 



Give examples of Rotation. 

Leg — rotation. Arm — rotation. 

How are these exercises done? 

1. Leg — rotation is done by turning the forward- 
raised leg inward and ^outward as far as possible in the 
hip-joint, without bending the knee or ankle ; the hips 
and rest of the body stead}^ This strengthens the hip 
and thigh. 

2. Arm — rotation is done by turning the sideways- 




FlG. 30. 



Fig. 31. 



32 Swedish System of Educational Gy mnastics. 



raised or half-forward-bent arms as far as possible in both 
directions in the shoulder-joint; the shoulders and rest 
of the body steady. A good Shoulder-blade movement. 

What does Twist mean ? 

It means Torsion of the head or trunk. 

How are these exercises done ? 

1. Head — to left (or right) — twist is done by turning 
the head to the side as far as conve- 




FiG. 32. Fig. 33. 



2. Trunk — ^to left (or right) — twist is done by turning 
the trunk from above the waist as far as possible to the 
side, without moving the hips or changing the position 
of the legs, and without an}^ bending. Head square to the 
chest ; shoulders well back ; chest expanded. (Fig. 33.) 

What does Jump mean? 

That the bod}^ is suddenly thrown up in the air, away 
from the ground (or floor), and shall come down on the 
feet ; either at the same place or in direction prescribed. 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 33 



What kind of Jumps are used here? 

In place — jump! With turning — in place — jump! 
From place — forward— jump ! From place — backward — 
jump ! With one step— forward — jump ! Feet — sidewaj^s 
place — with a jump ! 

How are these exercises done? 

1. In place — jump is done in six counts. On one, 
heels — raise ; on two^ knees — bend ; on three, the knees 
and ankles are quickly stretched and the whole body 




Onol Tuio! VneQl Fomf fivd ' Six! 



Fig. 34. 

suddenly thrown straight upward from the floor, with 
back straight, chest forward, and head well back ; on 
four J the toes and balls of feet touch the floor, the knees 
bend to their former position, and the body must be 
well balanced without stooping forward or backward, 
being careful to have the raised heels together, feet in 
90 degrees toward each other, and knees well out over 
the toes ; on Jive, the knees are stretched ; and on six^ 
heels — sink. (Fig. 34.) 

2* 



34 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



2. With turning to left (or right) — in place — jump is 
done in the same manner, but when in the air the body 
is turned so as to face to the left (or right) in 90 degrees 
or 180 degrees from the former position. 

3. From place — forward — jump, as In place — jump; 
but, on three^ the body is thrown forward, as well as up, 
so as to land about two or three feet in front of former 
position. The balance must be kept. 

4. From place — backward — ^jurap, the same; but, on 
three ^ the body is thrown backward,- instead of forward, 




Three ! Two ! One ! 

Fig. 35. 



SO as to land about two feet behind the former place. It 
is very difficult to keep the balance. 

5. With one step — forward — ^jump is done in five 
counts. On one, the left (or right) foot is placed forward ; 
on two^ the backward leg swings quickly forward, at the 
same time the front foot pushes away from the floor, and 
both feet are brought together before they, on three ^ 
touch the floor, and land as in other jumping; on /our, 



Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 35 

knees — streteli ; on five^ heels — sink. This is also done 
by taking two or three steps forward. (Fig. 35.) 

6. Feet — sideways place — with a jump , the same as In 
place — ^jump; but, on three, the feet are separated so 
that the}", on four, will land in Stride position. (See 
Fig. 53.) From the Stride position the feet are brought 
together with another jump. This alternate changing of 
Stride and Fundamental position with Jump is alwa3^s 
interesting to pupils, and produces a deal of elasticity. 

What does Rest mean ? 

1. Rest means : Take it at ease and rest yourself as 
you please. 

2. In place — rest means : Stand at ease as you like, 
but keep one foot in the place. This is the most frequent. 

Is it desirable to use In place — rest often ? 

Yes. In phice — rest should be used frequently, or 
as often as it is found that the pupils are getting tired 
from the exercise or strained position. 

Why should that be done ? 

Because it is impossible for a child to maintain 
one position or exercise for any great length of time 
When given a moment's rest, and then commanded 
Attention I they will be able to resume their fundamen- 
tal positions again, and derive the most benefit from 
the exercises. 

Ought the Command always to be in the same tone and 
rhythm ? 

No. It will be found of o-reat value to cliano^e the 
loudness of the command and also the rhythm of the 
exercises. 



36 Sivedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



Why ? 

1. Because it will make the pupils more attentive, 
thereb}^ increasing the discipline. 

2. It will give more variet}^ to the exercise, thereby 
increasing the interest for them. 

IV. Instruction. 

How shall the Instruction be? 

Clear to the point, but short and illustrated. 

How are faults corrected ? 

Quickl}'^ and easily. If possible, by touching the 
pupil and helping him into the correct position, or b}^ 
looking at him and making sign by straightening up as 
he ought to be. If necessarj^ to make a lengthy correc- 
tion, command In place — rest 1 and then show hoiv the 
pupils did^ and how it should be done. 

Can the Command be read out of a book or paper? 

No. For inexperienced teachers it ma}^ be well to 
glance at a paper between two exercises ; but, the more 
the teacher knows by heart, the better will the instruc- 
tion be. 

Is it desirable that the gymnastic lesson shall be slow and 
quiet? 

No. The instruction must be quick and interesting, 
and the exercises be performed with life, effort, and 
precision. 

How is that done? 

By changing the rhythm of the exercises, and by 
letting the pupils, once in a while, stamp their feet in 



InsU'uction. 



3t 



Leg movements, and count loud with some Arm move- 
ments, Facings, etc. 

Is this good for other purposes? 

Yes. It teaches the pupils the Time, and to keep 
together. 

if the teacher is unable to show the exercises, can some 
of the pupils assist herein? 

Yes. One of the best pupils ma}^ be called forward 
to perform the exercises before the class, after the 
teacher's command. But the pupils should not be per- 
mitted to command. 

Is it well for the teacher to stay on the platform during the 
lesson? 

To show the exercises the teacher ought to stay on 
the platform ; but otherwise he should move about in 
the class-room to closely observe each one of the pupils. 

How is the teacher best assisted? 

By showing kindness and patience. 

How often shall an exercise be repeated? 

Prom one to ten times ; or, never so often as to pro- 
duce fatigue. 

Is it not a sign of eflFectual exercise when the muscles feel 
fatigued ? 

No. It is a sign of overtaxing the muscles ; it brings 
them into a state of disease, whereby the good effect of 
the exercises is lost. 

How shall the pupils feel after the lesson? 

Refreshed both in mind and body, and have a feeling 
of vigor and health. 



38 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



How shall we breathe during the exercises ? 

Quiet and easy. Never hold the breath during any 
kind of exercises. 

is it not good to take long and deep inhalations? 

Yes. As a Respiratorj^ movement in rhythm with 
some kind of Arm exercise ; but the exhahation shoukl 
follow at once after the inhalation has been done. 

These exercises always end a day's lesson, and are 
put in after any heavy exercise to quiet the respiration, 
and they may also begin the lesson. 

V. Day's Order and Progression. 

Is there any special value in them? 

Yes. It is in the Progression and Order of move- 
ments that the S\vedish system of gymnastics has its 
greatest strength. 

Are not other systems arranged in this manner? 

They are arranged in some kind of progression, with 
exercises to develop certain muscles ; but this is not 
what we aim at with Educational gymnastics. 

What is our aim? 

We want a system which will produce a harmonious 
development, — a perfect equilibrium of all the parts of 
the body ; have a healtliy and strengthening effect on 
the nervous system, with rest and relief to the worried 
and overtaxed brain. 

Will not any series of exercises do this ? 

No. It is not enough to have a series of exercises, 
even if each of them can be proved to be physiologically 
right. 



Bay^s Order and Progression, 39 



Wha{ else, then, is necessary? 

The exercises must follow in a certain order after 
each other, and be progressive from day to da}^ ; from 
the very gentlest and simplest, step by step, to stronger 
and more complicated ones ; and the experience mast 
have proved that they will produce the desired effect. 

Has this been proved of the Swedish system ? 

Yes. The experience of three-fourths of a century 
has proved the good effect of this system. 

How are the Gymnastic Days' Orders arranged? 

In eleven to fourteen groups of movements, in the 
following order : — 

1. Order. 2. Leg. 3. Arch. 4. Arm. 5. Balance. 
6. Back. Y. Front. 8. Side. 9. Jumping. 10. Slow 
leg. 11. Respiratory. 

Must this order always be followed? 

Yes. Always, 

Can we not skip any of the groups or change them about? 

No. They must always follow in the order named, 
from No. 1 to No. 11. 

Why? 

Because in this manner a Day's Order will make a 
whole ^ — a harmonious, all-sided exercise ; but if changed 
it will only make something Tia//, and the results will be 
thereafter. 

Do we give more than one exercise in each group ? 

Not for beginners. But, after awhile, two or three 
exercises may be given in some of the groups. 



40 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 

Do we never give more than eleven groups ? 

Yes. For advanced pupils there may be pat in a 
Fall-out movement after K'o. 6 ; Running and marching 
after No. 6 ; and one Leg and one Arm movement after 
No. 8. 

What is the reason for grouping the movements in the 
above-described manner? 

For some time previous to the gymnastic lesson the 
pupils have been sitting still, working on their studies ; 
their minds have been active ; all their powers have been 
concentrated on mental work. In the most cases the 
chest has been more or less contracted, the head and 
shoulders stooping forward, and the chest flattened; a 
pressure has occurred upon the abdominal organs, and 
to some extent checked the venous circulation. Hereby 
the circulation of the blood has become sluggish ; the 
blood has been drawn to the brain, and a slight conges- 
tion of the brain and abdominal organs has set in ; the 
respiration is lessened ; the mind is tired and worried ; 
the muscles are relaxed ; and the bad and ugl}^ habit of 
the Stooping position is commenced. 

The first object, therefore, is to counteract these 
evils ; to relieve the brain and to straighten the com- 
pressed parts ; to equalize and quicken the circulation 
of the blood ; to produce a healthy respiration, and to 
strengthen and tone up the muscles and the body gen- 
erally, — not forgetting the educational and moral part 
of the gymnastic lesson. 

1. The Order movements, which serve to bring the 
pupils in order and ready to begin their real exercises 
and to assume the right fundamental position, will also 



Dayh Order and Progression. 41 



draw their minds away from their long-continued mental 
work, and thereby at once bring some relief to the brain, 

2. The Leg movements will bring more relief, both 
to the brain and other oppressed organs, by drawing the 
blood downward to the lower extremities, and thereby 
equalize and stimulate the circulation of the blood. 

3. The Arch movements tend to expand and raise 
the chest, and also to straighten the upper part of the 
back and neck. 

4. The Arm movements will elevate and broaden the 
chest and straighten the whole spine. 

Hereby the lungs are given full play, and deeper and 
more energetic respiration is produced. 

Thus, by these four movements, more and better 
oxygenated blood is carried to the muscles, the con- 
gested parts are drained out, and a healthier condition 
of the muscles will follow. The mind is relieved, the 
will is concentrated upon the muscular effort, and the 
body is in condition to perform the succeeding move- 
ments. 

5. After the Arm movements the heart will often 
begin to beat more rapid, and therefore Balance move- 
ments succeed them, as having a very good counteract- 
ing effect. These movements also produce a more all- 
sided muscular contraction, with equilibrium of the 
different parts of the body, resulting in a better and 
more graceful posture ; and they have a stimulating 
effect on the nervous system. 

6. The Back movements are to bring the shoulders 
and shoulder-blades in correct position and to strengthen 
the muscles of the back, thereby keeping the back 
straight. 



42 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



I. The Front movements elevate and stimulate the 
abdominal organs and strengthen the abdominal walls. 

8. The Side movements strengthen the muscles 
around the waist, and also affect the internal organs and 
stimulate the spinal nerves. 

9. The Jumping movements have an all-sided effect 
upon the whole system, quickening the respiration and 
circulation and stimulatins; and stren2:thenino; the 
nerves and muscles. These should be followed hy 

10. The Slow-leg movements, to bring down the rapid 
action of the heart and quickened respiration, and to 
prepare the bod}^ for rest, which also will be effected b}'' 

II. The Respirator}^ movements, which alwa3's should 
end the lesson. 

All these movements should follow each other in the 
order mentioned, and be performed with gradually 
increasing force, compelling stronger and stronger 
action from the circulatory and respiratory organs up 
to the Jumping movements, when the culmination of 
the Da3^'s Order is reached and the force and strength 
of the exercise is gradually' toned down. But we should 
never reach the point where breathlessness and uncom- 
fortable heart-action begin to appear. Alwa^^s maintain 
a deep, free, undisturbed respiration during the exer- 
cises. If the action of the heart or lungs seems to 
be rather strong, there should be administered some 
movements to counteract this, such as Slow-leg and 
Respiratory movements, and also be commanded In 
place — rest ! or Rest ! Gymnastics never need to have 
ill effect, if only taught judiciously. But it depends on 
the teacher if the lesson shall be attractive and effectual 
to the pupils. 



CHAPTER III. 



Tables of Exercises. 

As the rules of the School Boards, both in Boston 
and many other cities, require that Physical Training 
shall be taught from ten to fifteen minutes daily in each 
class-room, it is necessary to have some tables of Da3^s' 
Orders to guide the teachers in their work. 

The following tables are arranged for lessons of ten 
to fifteen minutes' duration, and the full command is 
given for each exercise. 

It will be seen that each Day's Order is intended for 
daily use for from one to three weeks. As a rule, the 
pupils should be able to perform one Da3^'s Order before 
advancing to another; but, even if the same programme 
is used for a length of time, there can be progression 
from day to day by adding more force to the exercises 
and by repeating them oftener. 

In the first lesson of a new Day's Order, each exercise 
should be repeated only once or twice ; but as the 
pupils become accustomed to perform them they may 
be repeated six or eight times. 

I. Tables for Second and Third Class of 
THE Primary Schools. 

In the countries of Europe where gymnastic lessons 
in schools are obligator}^, the child does not receive 
these lessons before he is eight or nine years old. 

I believe that some exercises to teach the child 

(43) 



44 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



discipline and to stand straight, as well as to use his arms 
and legs, will be very useful, but I do not believe that a 
full Day's Order for children under eight 3^ears is neces- 
sary ; therefore I have arranged the tables for the 
Primary Schools accordingly. 

The following five Days' Orders are to be used as 
here arranoed : — 



First Day's Order, .... 
Second Day's Order, 
First and Second Days' Orders, . 
Third Day's Order, 
First, Second, and Third Days' Orders, 
Fourth Day's Order, 
Third and Fourth Days' Orders, . 
Fifth Day's Order, 
Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . 
First to Fifth Day's Order, . 



Five Days' Orders, 33 wks 



daily for 3 wks. 

daily for 3 " 
alternately for 3 

daily for 3 " 
alternately for 3 

daily for 3 
alternately for 3 
. daily for 3 
alternately for 3 
alternately for 6 



FIRST day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! (Fig. 1.) In place — rest! 
Attention ! 

2. Leg. Feet — close ! Feet — open ! Close ! Open ! 
(Fig. 2.) 

3. Arm. Hips — firm! (Fig. 8.) Position! In 
place — rest ! Attention ! 

4. Head. Head— backward— bend ! (Fig. 23.) Up- 
ward — raise ! 

5. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise ! (Fig. 13.) 
(Inhale.) Downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 



Dayh Order for Primary Schools, 



45 



SECOND day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Forward — dress! (Fig, 
16.) Position! 

2. Leg . Feet — sideways — place I One ! T wo ! 
(Fig. 3.) Together— place ! One ! Two ! 

3. Head. Head — backward — bend! TJpw^ard — 
raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — upward — bend ! (Fig. 10.) Down- 
ward — stretch ! In place — rest ! Attention ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! (Fig. 
18.) Sink! Position! 

6. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise 1 (Inhale.) 
(Fig. 14.) Downward — sink! (Exhale.) 

THIRD day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! In place — rest! Attention I 
Forward — dress ! Position ! 

2. Leg. Feet — close ! Open ! Left foot — forward 
— place ! (Fig. 4.) Replace ! Right foot — forward 
— place ! Replace ! 

3. Head, Hips — firm ! Head — backward — bend I 
Head — upward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend! (Fig. 11.) Po- 
sition ! In place — rest ! Attention ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Feet — sideways — place 1 
One ! Two ! Feet — together — place ! One ! Two I 
Position ! 

6. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
raise! (Inhale.) When the arms are horizontal they 



46 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



are rotated backward so as to bring the palms up, 
and the raising of the arms is continued. (Fig. 36.) 
Arms — sideways and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 




Fig. 36. 



FOURTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention! One step — forward — march! 
One! Two! (The left foot is placed forward at One! 
and at Two! the right foot is placed in to the left ; heels 
together ; feet in 90 degrees toward each other.) One 
step — backward — march! One! Two! 

2. Leg. Left foot — outw^ard— place ! (Fig. 5.) 
Replace! Right foot — outward — place! Replace! 

3. Head. Hips — firm! Head — backward — bend! 
Upward — raise ! Position ! 



Day^s Order for Primary Schools. 



47 



4. Arm. Arms sideways — stretch! 
(Fig. 29.) Downward — stretch I One! 
— rest ! Attention ! 

5. Balance, Hips firm! Feet — 
close! Heels — raise! Heels — sink! 
Postion ! (Feet open and hands 
down.) 

6. Trunk. Hips — firm! Trunk — for- 
ward — bend! (Fig. 25.) Trunk — up- 
ward — raise ! Position ! 

7. Respiratory. Arms — forward 
and npward — raise! (Inhale.) Forward 
and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) (Fig. 
37.) 



One! Two! 
Two! In place 




Fig. 37. 



FIFTH DAY S ORDER. 
Attention! Two steps - 



1. Order. Attention! Two steps — forward — 
march! Left! Right! Left! Two steps — backward 
— march ! Left ! Right ! Left ! Forward — dress! 
Position ! 

2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! Al- 
ternate — toes — raise ! One ! Two I 
(Start with left foot.) Halt! 

3. Head. Hips — firm! Head — back- 
ward — bend I Upward — raise ! Po- 
sition! 

4. Arm. Arms — upward — stretch! 
One! Two! (Fig. 29.) Downward- 
stretch! One! Two! In place — rest! 
Attention ! 

6. Balance. Hips — firm! Knees — bend! (Figs. 21 
and 38. Heels down.) Knees — stretch! Position! 




Fig. 38. 



48 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



6. Trunk. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bendl 
Upward — raise! Position! 

7. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Sidewaj-s 
—fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 
Fling! (Inhale.) Sideways — sink! (Exhale.) 



First Class of the Primary Schools, 



49 



II. Tables for the First Class of the 
Primary Schools. 



Here are six Da^^s' Orders, to be 

First Day's Order, .... 
Second Day's Order, 
Third Day's Order, 
First, Second, and Third Days' Orders, 
Fourth Day's Order, 
Third and Fourth Days' Orders, . 
Fifth Day's Order, 
Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . 
Sixth Day's Order, 
Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 
First to Sixth Day's Order, . 

Six Days' Orders, . - . . 



used as follows : — 

daily for 3 wks. 
. daily for 3 
daily for 3 
alternately for 3 
. daily for 3 
alternately for 3 
daily for 3 
alternately for 3 " 

. daily for 3 
alternately for 3 
alternately for 3 

. 33 wks. 



If the pupils have had no previous training the 
tables for Second and Third class should be given first, 
but in shorter time. 



FIRST day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Forward — dress! (Fig. 16.) 
Position I In place — rest ! A ttention ! 

2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! (Fig. 2.) Feet side- 
ways — place! One! Two! (Fig. 8.) Together — place I 
One! Two! 

3. Head. Head— backward— bend ! (Pig. 23.) Up- 
ward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — upward — bend! (Fig. 10.) Down- 
ward—stretch! Arms — forward — bend! (Pig. 11.) 
Position! In place — rest! Attention! 

3 c 



50 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



5. Balance. Hips — firnj! Heels — raise! Knees — 
bend! (Figs. 21 and 38.) Knees — stretch! Heels — 
sink! Position! 

6. Back. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bend! 
(Fig. 25.) Upward — raise! Position! 

7. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
raise! (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink! (Ex- 
hale.) (See Third Day's Order for second class.) 
(Fig. 36.) 

SECOND day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Left — face! Right — face! 

2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! (Fig. 4.) Re- 

place ! Left foot — outward 
— place! (Fig. 5.) Re- 
place ! Right foot — for- 
ward — place I Replace ! 
Right foot — outward — 
place! Replace! 

3. Head. Head — to 
left— twist! (Fig. 32.) 
Forward — twist ! To right 
— twist! Forward — twist! 

4. Arm. Arms — side- 
ways — stretch! One! Two! 
(Fig. 29.) Downward — 
stretch! One! Two! 

5. Balance. Feet — 
-firm! One! Two! (Tlie 

(Fig. 39.) 




Fig. 39. 



sideways — place, and Hips- 
hands are placed on the hips at Two!) 
Position! (Left foot is first replaced, then right foot 
and hands taken down.) Feet — sideways — place, and 
Hips — firm! One! Two! Heels — raise! Sink! Raise! 
Sink! Position! 



First Class of the Primary Schools. 51 



6. Front. Hips — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend I 
(Fig. 24.) Upward — raise! Position! 

7. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — raise ! 
(Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 
(Figs. 36 and 3T.) 

THIRD day's order. 

1. Order. Attention ! About — face ! About — face ! 
(Fig. lY.) Forward — dress! Position! 

2. Leg. Feet — close ! Open ! Left foot — backward 
— place ! Replace ! Right foot — backward — place I 
Replace ! (The foot is placed two feet's length straight 
backward, instead of forward.) 

3. Head. Hips — firm ! Head — to left — twist ! For- 
ward — twist! To right — twist! Forward — twist! 
Head — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward — stretch! One! Two I 
(Fig. 29.) Downward— stretch ! One! Two! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm, aiid Left foot — outward — 
place! Heels — raise! Sink! Position! Hips — firm, 
and Right foot — outward — place ! Heels — raise ! 
Sink! Position! (The body must not be swayed 
forward, but rest evenly on both legs.) 

6. Back. Neck— firm! (Fig. 9.) Position! 

7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, ai^d Hips — firm ! 
One ! Two ! Trunlv — backward — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Position ! One ! Two ! 

8. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend ! Sideways 
—fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) Fling! (Lihale.) 
Sink ! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 



52 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



FOURTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention ! Two steps — forward — march I 
Left I Right ! Left ! Two steps — backward — march ! • 
Left ! Right ! Left ! Forward — dress ! Position 1 

2. Leg. Left foot — backward and ontward — place ! 
Replace ! Right foot — backward and outward — place ! 
Replace! (The foot is placed oblique backward, in the 

direction of the other heel ; two 
feet's distance between the 
heels; feet maintaining 90 de- 
grees toward each other. 

3. Arch. Hips — firm I Trunk 
— forward — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Head — backward — bend ! 
Upward — raise I Position I 

4. Arm. Arms — upward and 
sideways — stretch I One! Two! 
One! Two! (Fig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Left foot — for- 
ward — place, and Hips — firm! 
Heels — raise 1 Sink ! Replace ! 
Right foot — forward — place, and 
Hips — firm ! Heels — raise ! Sink ! 
Replace I (Heels must be raised 

straight up without swaying body forward.) (Fig. 40.) 

6. Back. Neck — firm ! Hips — firm ! Neck — firm ! 
Position ! 

7. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm ! 
One I Two ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Position ! One ! Two ! 

8. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise! Arm — 
circling ! Downward — sink 1 




Fig. 40. 



First Class of the Primary Schools, 



53 



FIFTH day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Half— left— face ! Half— 
right — face I 

2. Leg, Left foot — forward — place I Feet — change ! 
One! Two! Three! Four! 

3. Arch. Feet — sidewaj^s — place, and Hips — firm ! 
— One ! Two ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward 
raise ! Head — to left — twist ! Forward — twist ! To 
right — twist ! Forw^ard — twist ! Position I 

4. Arm. Arms — sideways — stretch! One! Two! 
Arm — rotation! One! Two I Downward — stretch! 
One ! Two ! 

5. Balance. J^eck — firm! Heels — raise! Sink! 
Position! 

6. Trunk. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
Upward — raise ! Forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Position ! (Figs. 24 and 25.) 

7. Jump. Hips — firm! Prepare to — jump! (Heels 
—raise! Knees— bend ! Stretch! Sink!) (Figs. 21 
and 38.) Position ! 

8. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — raise ! 
(Inhale.) Sidewaj^s and downward — sink ! (Exhale.) 

SIXTH day's order. 

1. Order. Attention ! Left — face ! About — face I 
Right — face ! About — face ! Forward — dress ! Position ! 

2. Leg. Hips — firm ! Altenmte — beels and toes — 
raise! One! Two! Three! Four! Position! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
Upward — raise ! Forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Head — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 



54 SvjedisJi System of Educational Gymnastics, 



4. Arm. Arms — balf-forward — bend ! (Fig. 12.) 
Position! 

5. Balance. Arms — sidewa3"s — raise, and Feet — 
close! Heels — raise! Sink! Position! 

6. Side. Feet— close! Trunk— to left— bend! Up- 
ward — raise! To right — bend! Upward — raise! (Fig. 
26.) Position! 

7. Jump. Prepare to — jump! One! Two! Three! 
Four! 

8. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! Arms — 
sidewa3^s — fling! (Inhale.) Arms — forward — move ! 
(Exhale.) Sideways — fling! (Inhale.) Downward — 
sink! (Exhale.) 



Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 55 



III. Tables for Fifth and Sixth Class of 
THE Grammar Schools. 



Seven Days' Orders, as follows: — 







Second Day's Order, 


daily for 2 " 


First and Second Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 2 


Third Day's Order, 


daily for 2 


Second and Third Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 2 


Fourth Day's Order, 


. daily for 2 


Third and Fouth Days' Orders, . 


. alternatley for 2 


Fifth Day's Order, 


. daily for 3 


Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 3 " 


Sixth Day's Order, 


daily for 3 " 


Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 3 


Seventh Day's Order, 


. daily for 3 '* 


Sixth and Seventh Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 3 '* 




. . 32 wks. 



If the pupils have had no previous training the 
tables for the Primary School should be given first, but 
in shorter time. 



FIRST day's ORDER. 

1. Order, Attention! Left — face! Right — face! 
Forward — dress! (Fig. 16.) Position! 

2. Leg. Feet — close! Open! (Fig. 2.) Alternate — 
toes— raise! One! Two! One! Two! Halt! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — backward — bend! 
(Fig. 23.) Head — upward — raise! Position! 



56 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



4. Arm. Arms — upward — stretch! One! Two? 
(Fig. 29.) Downward— stretch! One! Two! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — 
])end! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Heels — sink! Position! 
(Figs. 21 and 38.) 

6. Back. Arms — sideways— raise! (Fig. 36.) Arm — 
rotation! One! Two! Arms — sink! 

T. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
(Fig. 24.) Upward — raise! Position! 

8. Side. Feet— close! Trunk— to left— bend ! (Fig. 
26.) Upward — raise ! To right — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Position ! 

9. Jump. Mark time— Mark! One! Two! Halt! 
(The leg is raised forward with straight knee and well- 
pointed toes ; the body steady, chest forward ; start 
with left foot.) 

10. Slow Leg. Feet — sideways — place! One! 
Two ! (Fig. 3.) Together— place ! One ! Two ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward — 
raise ! (Inhale.) Sideways and downward — sink ! 
(Exhale.) (Fig. 36.) 



SECOND day's order. 

1. Order. Attention ! About — face ! About — face ! 
(Fig. 17.) 

2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! Replace? 
(Fig. 4.) Left foot — outward — place ! Replace ! (Fig. 
5.) Right foot — the same ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — to left — twist! For- 
ward — twist ! To right — twist ! Forward twist ! (Fig. 



Fifth and Sixth Glass of Grammar Schools. 



82.) Head — backward — bend! Upward — raise! Po^ 
sition! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward and sideways — stretch! 
One! Two! One! Two! (Fig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left knee — npward — 
bend! (Fig. 22.) Downw^ard — stretch! Right knee — 
upward — bend ! Dow^nward — stretch ! Position ! 

6. Back. Left arm — sidewa^^s, aiid Right arm — np- 
ward — stretch! One! Two! (Fig. 4L) Change! 
One ! Two ! Downward — stretcli ! 

One ! Two ! 

7. Front. Feet — sidewa^^s — 
place, and Hips — firm ! One ! Two ! 
(Fig. 39.) Trunin— backw\ard— bend ! 
Upward — raise ! Position ! One ! 
Two! 

8. Side. Feet — sidew^a3's — phace, 
and Hips — firm ! One ! Tw^o ! Trunk 
—to left— twist ! (Fig. 33.) Forw^ard 
— twdst ! To right — twist ! Forward 
— twist ! Position ! One ! Two ! 

9. Jump. In place — march! One! 
Two! Halt! One! Two! (The knee 
is bent and the foot raised slightly backward, like in 
Quick time.) (Fig. 42.) 

10. Slow Leg. Left foot — outward — place, and Hips 
— firm! Heels — raise! Sink! Change — feet! One! 
Two! Heels — raise! Sink! Position! (Raise the 
heels straight up, without swaj^ing forward.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Sideways 
—fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exliale.) Fling! (Inhale.) 
Downward — sink! (Exhale.) (Fig. 20.) 

3* 




Fig. 41. 



58 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



THIRD day's order. 

1. Order. Attention I Half— left— face I Half— right 
— face ! 

2. Leg. Alternate — heels and toes — raise! One I 
Two! Three! Four! 

3. Arch. Head — to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
To right — bend ! Upward — raise! Head— backward 
— bend 1 Upward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend! Sidewa3^s — fling! 
Repeat in Quick time. One ! Two ! Position! 

5. Balance. Neck — firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
bend! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Sink! Position! 

6. Back. Feet — sidewa3^s — place, and Hips — firm! 
One ! Two ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Position ! One ! Two ! (Fig. 25.) 

7. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Hips — 
firm! Trunk — backward — bend I Upward — raise! Po- 
sition! (See Fig. 51, but hands on hips.) Change — 

tfeet ! (Weight of ho^y evenl}^ on both legs.) 
8. Side. Neck— firm ! Trunk— to left- 
bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — bend ! 
Upward — raise! Position! (Fig. 45, but 
heels together.) 
9. Jump. Quick time — in place — 
march! One! Two! Halt! One! Two I 
Three ! Four ! (Fig. 42.) 
10. Slow Leg. Feet — sideways — place, 
I and Xeck — firm! One! Two! Heels — 
raise ! Sink ! Position ! One ! Two ! 

FiG- 42 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewa3^s — 
raise ! Arms — circling ! Halt ! Hands — turn ! Arms — 



Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 



59 



upward — raise ! Sideways — sink 1 Upward — raise ! 
Sideways — downward — sink ! 

FOURTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention ! Left — face ! One step — to 
left — march I Right — face 1 One step — forward — 
march ! 

2. Leg. Left foot — forward, outward, and back- 
ward — place ! One ! Two ! Replace ! Three I Four ! 
Five ! Six ! Right foot — the same ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm I Head — to left — twist 1 Head 
— backward — bend ! Head — upward — raise I Forward 
— twist I To right — twist! Head — backward — bend! 
Upward — raise! Forward — twist! (When head is 
twisted to left it is bent backward toward the right 
shoulder.) 

4. Arm. Arms — forward and backward — stretch ! 
One! Two! One! Two! Downward — stretch! One! 
Two! 

5. Balance. Left foot — forward — place, and Hips 
— firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! 
Feet — change ! One ! Two ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! Position ! (The weight of 
the body evenly on both legs.) 

6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend ! Arm — rota- 
tion ! (Fig. 12.) One! Two! One! Two! Position! 

7. Front. Neck — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
Upward — raise ! Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — close, and Hips — firm ! Trunk — to 
left — twist! Forward, and to right — twist! Forward 
—twist! Position! (Fig. 33.) 



60 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



9. Jump. Prepare to — jump! One! Two! Tliree ! 
Four ! (In Quick time — Heels — raise ! Knees — bend \ 
Stretch ! Sink !) (Figs 21 and 38.) 

10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! (Compare First 
Day's Order.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! Sideways 
— fling! (Inhale.) Downward — sink! (Exhale.) 




FIFTH DAY S ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention I Left — face ! One step — to 
left — march I About — face ! One step — to left — march ! 
- Left — face I Forward — dress ! Position ! 

2. Leg. Arms — forward 
and upward, and Heels — 
raise! Sideways and dow^n- 
ward — sink ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! 
Trunk — backward — bend ! 
Upward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Left arm — up- 
ward, and Right arm — down- 
ward — stretch ! Change ! 
One! Two! (Fig. 43.) Both 
arms — sidew^a3^s — stretch ! 
One ! Tw^o ! Position ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! 
— place! Heels — raise! 

Stretch! Sink! (Fig. 44, but hands on hips.) (The 
knees must be kept well out.) Position ! 

6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — for- 
ward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 



Fig. 43. 




Fig. 44. 

Feet — sideways 
Knees — bend ! 



Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools, 



61 



7. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
firmi (Fig. 45a.) Trunk — backward — bend I (See Fig. 
61, but hands on neck.) Upward raise 1 Change — feet ! 
The same 1 Position I 

8. Side. Feet — sidewa}' s — place, and ]S"eck — firm ! 
Trunk — to left — bend! Raise! To right — bend I Raise! 
(Fig. 45.) Position I 




Fig. 45a. Fig. 45. Fig. 46. 



9. Jump. In place — jump! One! Two! Three! 
Four ! Five ! Six ! (Fig. 34. ) 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — backward — 
raise! (Fig. 46.) Downward — sink! Right leg — back- 
ward — raise! Sink! Position! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewaj^s and upward, and 
Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Sink! (Exhale.) 



G2 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



SIXTH day's order. 

1. Order, Attention! Half — left — face! Right — 
face ! Left — face ! Half — left — face ! 

2. Leg, Feet — sidewaj^s — place, anc^ Arms — upward 
—stretch! One! Two! (Pig. 47.) Heels— raise ! 
Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! Position ! One ! Two I 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward— bend ! 
Raise ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Raise ! 




Fig. 47. Fig. 48. 



4. Arm, Arms — forward, upward, sideways, back- 
ward, and downward — stretch ! (Pig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — 
bend ! Porward — stretch ! Bend ! Downward — 
stretch! Right knee — the same ! (Pig. 27.) 

6. Back. Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
Head — rotation ! Left — forward — right — forward — 
twist ! (Pig. 48.) 



Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 63 



7. Front. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk 
ward — bend I Arms — sideways — fling! Bend! 
Trunk — upward — raise ! Arms — sink! 

8. Side. Feet — side wa^^s— place, and 
Arms — upvfard — stretch ! One ! Two ! 
Trunk — to left — twist! Forward, aiid to 
right — twist! Forward — twist! (Fig. 49.) 
Position ! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Left foot — 
forward — place ! Change — quick ! (With 
a hop or dancing step.) 

10 and 11. Slow Leg and Respiratory. 

Arms — forward — bend ! Heels — raise, and 
Arms — sidewa^^s — fling ! (Inhale.) Heels 
— sinlv, and Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Posi- 
tion ! 



back- 
Fling 1 




SEYENTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention! Two steps— forward— march 1 
About— liice ! Left — flice ! Two steps — to right — march ! 
Left — face ! 

2. Leg. Heels — raise. Knees 
— bend, and Arms sidew^a^^s and 
upward — raise ! (Fig. 50.) Knees 
— stvetch^ and Heels and arms — 
sink ! 

3. Arch. Neck— firm! Trunk 
— backward — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Position ! Head — to left — 
bend ! To right — bend ! Upward — 

m^50. raise! 




/ 



64 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



4. Arm. Left arm — forward, and Right arm — ba.ck- 
ward — stretch ! One ! Two I Change ! One ! Two ! 
Downward — stretch ! One ! Two ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — 
bend! Backward — stretch! Upward — bend! (Fig. 28.) 
Downward — stretch ! Right knee — the same I Position ! 

6. Back. Feet — &idewa3^s — place, and Neck — firm ! 
One! Two! Trunk — forward — bend! Raise! Position! 
One! Two! 

T. Front. Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot — 
forward — place ! One ! Two ! Trunk — backward — 
bend! Upward — raise! (Fig. 5L) Change — feet! The 
same ! Position ! One ! Two I 

8. Side. Right arm — upward — stretch, and Feet — 
close ! One ! Two ! Trunk— to left— bend ! (Fig. 52.) 
Trunk — upward — raise ! Arms — change ! One ! Two I 
Trunk — to right — bend ! Raise ! Position ! One ! 
Two ! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Feet — sideways and together 
— place — with a jump ! One ! Two ! (Fig. 53.) 
Position ! 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Half— right— face ! 
Left foot — outward — place ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
bend 1 (Fig. 54.) Knees — stretch ! Heels — sink ! Left 
foot — replace ! Left — face ! Right foot — outward — 
place ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! 
Foot — replace! Half— right — face! Position! (The 
weight of the bod}^ on the backward knee, when knees 
are bent.) 

IL Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward, and 
Heels — raise ! (Inhale.) Sideways — downward — sink! 
(Exhale.) 



Fifth and Sixth Class of Grammar Schools. 




66 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



IV. Tables for Third and Fourth Class 
OF THE Grammar Schools. 



Nine Days' Orders, as follows 



First Day's Order, 


daily for 2 wks. 


Second Day's Order, 


daily for 2 


Third Day's Order, 


daily for 2 


-TOUllll Udy s v/iciei, . . . 


tidiiy loi /C 


Tliird and Fourtli Days' Orders, . 


, alternately for 2 


Fifth Day's Order, 


daily for 2 " 


Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 2 


Sixth Day's Order, 


daily for 2 


Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 2 " 


Seventh Daj^'s Order, . 


daily for 2 


Sixth and Seventh Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 2 


Eighth Day's Order, 


daily for 2 


Seventh and Eighth Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 2 


JSTinth Day's Order, 


daily for 3 


Eighth and Ninth Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 3 


Nine Days' Orders, 


. 32 wks. 



If pupils have no previous training, the tables for 
Fifth and Sixth class should be given first, but in shorter 
time. 

FIRST day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! (Fig. 1.) Left— face! Right 
— face! About — face! (Figs. 16 and 17.) Forward — 
dress ! Position ! 

2. Leg. Alternate — toes — raise I (In Quick time.) 
Halt! Feet— close! Open! (Fig. 2.) 



Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools, 67 



3. Arch. Head— backward— bend ! (Fig. 23.) Up- 
ward — raise ! Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward— bend ! 
(Fig. 25.) Upward — raise I Position! 

4. Arm. Arms — sideways, and upward and down- 
ward — stretch I One 1 Two ! One ! Two ! One 1 
Two ! (Fig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Hips — firm I Heels — raise! Knees — 
bend ! Stretch ! Bend ! Stretch ! Sink ! Position 1 
(Figs. 21 and 38.) 

6. Back. Neck — firm ! Position ! Left hip, and 
Riglit neck — firm ! Change ! Position I 

I. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
(Fig. 24.) Upward — raise ! Position ! 

8. Side. Hips— firm! Trunk— to left— bend ! Up- 
ward — raise! To right — bend! Upward — raise! (Fig. 
26.) Position ! 

9. Jump. Prepare to — jump ! One ! Two ! Three ! 
Four! (In Quick time — Heels — raise! Knees — bend! 
Stretch ! Sink !) 

10. Slow Leg. Left leg — forward — raise! Down- 
ward — sink! (Fig. 19.) Right leg — forward — raise I 
Downward — sink ! 

II. Respiratory. Arms — sidewa3^s and upward — 
raise ! (Inhale.) (Fig. 36.) Sidwa3^s and downward 
— sink ! (Exhale.) 

SECOND day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! One step — backward — 
march! About — face! About — face I One step — 
forward — march ! 



68 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



2. Leg. Arms— forward and upward, and Heels 
— raise! (Fig. 3T.) Sidewaj^s and downward — sink! 

3. Arch. Head— to left— twist! (Fig. 32.) For- 
ward, and To right — twist ! Forward — twist! Head — 
backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend, and Heels — 
raise ! Knees — bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Bend! 
Fling! Knees — stretch! Position ! 

5. Balance, Neck — firm ! Left leg — backward — 
raise! (Fig. 46.) Downward — sink! Right leg — back- 
ward — raise ! Downward — sink ! Position ! 

6. Back. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — forward 
— bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 

7. Front. Hips — firm, and Left foot — forward — 
place ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Feet — change! The same! (See Fig. 51, but keep 
hands on hips, instead of upward.) 

8. Side. Feet — sidewaj^s — place, and Arms — side- 
ways — stretch ! One ! Two ! Trunk — to left — twist ! 
Forward, and To right — twist ! Forward — twist ! 
Position ! One ! Two I (Figs. 33 and 49.^ 

9. Jump. In place — jump! One! Tw^o! Three I 
Four! Five! Six! (Fig. 34.) 

10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! One! Two! 
Halt! One! Two! (Compare First Day's Order, 
Table III.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward — 
raise ! (Inhale.) (Fig. 37.) Sideways and downward 
— sink ! (Exhale.) 



Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools, 69 



THIRD day's order. 

1. Order. Attention I Half — left — face! About — 
face ! Left — face ! Half — left — face ! 

2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place! (Fig. 40.) 
Heels— raise! Sink! Foot — replace! Left foot — 
outward — place ! Heels — raise ! Sink ! Foot — re- 
place! Right foot — the same ! 

3. Arch. Arras — sideways — raise ! Head — to left — 
bend ! Head — raise ! To right — bend ! Raise ! Arms 
— sink! Head — backward — bend ! Raise! 

4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Knees--- 
deep — bend! (As far down as possible, without sit- 
ting on the heels ; heels together ; knees well out.) 
(Fig. 55.) Arms — upward and down- 
ward — stretch ! Knees — stretch ! Heels 
— sink ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee 
— upward — bend ! (Fig. 27.) Forward 
— stretch ! Bend ! Knees — change ! 
Right leg — forward — stretch ! Bend ! 
Position ! 

6. Back. Feet — sideways — place, 
and Neck — firm ! One ! Two ! (Hands Fig. 55. 
are placed on neck at Two!) Trunk — 

forward — bend! Upward — raise! Position! One! 
Two! 

7. Front. Arms — forward — bend ! Trunk — back- 
ward — bend ! Arms — sideways — fling ! Trunk — up- 
■^ard — raise! Arms — sink! 

8. Side. Left hip, and Right neck — firm ! Feet 
— close ! Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward — raise I 




70 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 

Hands — change ! Trunk — to right — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Position ! 

9. Jump. Hips— firm ! Feet — sidewaj's, and to- 
gether — place — with a jump ! One ! Two ! (Fig. 53.) 

10. Slow Leg. Left foot — forward — place I Heels 
— raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink 1 Feet — 
change I One I Two! The same! (Even on both 
legs.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewa3^s — raise! Arm — 
circling! Halt! Arms — upward — raise! Dow^nward — 
sink ! 

FOURTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention! Two steps — forward — march! 
One ! Two ! Three ! Two steps — backward — march 1 
One! Two! Three! 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left foot — backward — place! 
Replace! Backward — outward — place! Replace! Right 
foot — the same ! Feet — close ! Open ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm! Head — circling! Halt! 
(Fig. 30.) Head — backward — bend! Upward — raise! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward, upward, sidewaj^s, back- 
ward, and downward — stretch! (Fig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Neck — firm ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
bend! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Sink! Position! 

6. Back. Left foot — forward — place, and Arms — 
sidew^ays — raise ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — 
raise! Feet — change! One! Two! The same ! Posi- 
tion 1 

1. Front. Feet — sideways — place, and Neck — firm 1 



Third and Fourth Class of Grammar ScJiools. 71 



Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 
One I Two! 

8. Side. Arms — upward — stretch, and Feet — side- 
ways — place ! One ! Two I (Fig. 47.) Trunk — to 
left — twist! (Fig. 49.) Forward, and To right — twist! 
Forward — twist ! Position ! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — bend! 
Change — quick ! (Resembles running, with the knees 
lifted forward.) (Fig. 56.) Halt! One! Two! Three I 
Four! Position! 

10. Slow Leg. Hips— firm ! Half— right 
— face ! Left foot — outward — place ! Heels 
— raise ! Knees — bend! (Fig. 54.) Stretch ! 
Sink! Left foot — replace! Left — face! 
Right foot — outward — place ! The same ! 
(The w^eight of the body on the backward 
knee, when knees are bent.) 

n. Respiratory. Arms — forward — raise! 
Heels — raise, and Arms — sidewa3^s — fling! 
(Inhale.) Heels — sink, a7id Arms — forward 
—move! (Exliale.) Fig. 56. 

FIFTH day's order. 

L Order. Attention ! One step forward, and About 
— face 1 (Left foot is placed forward, then the wdiole 
body is turned 180 degrees to the right side on the balls 
of both feet, and finall}^ the left foot is placed in to the 
right.) One! Two! Three! 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left foot — forward — place! 
Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink! Change 
— feet I The same ! Position ! 




72 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
Head — rotation ! (Left and right.) Forward — twist ! 
Trunk — upward — raise ! Position ! (Fig. 48.) 

4. Arm. Left foot — forward — place ! Arms — up- 
ward and downward — stretch ! (Fig. 57.) (In Quick 
time.) Feet — change ! The same I Position 1 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — 
bend ! (Fig. 22.) Left knee — sidewa^'S — move ! (The 
left leg is brouglit out to the left side as far as possible, 




Fig. 57. 

still maintaining the right angle in hip- and knee-joints.) 
Knee — forward — move I Change knees ! The same I 
Position ! 

6. Back. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
firm ! Trunk — forward — bend I Upward — raise 1 Feet 
— change ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Raise ! Position 1 

7. Front. Arms — upward — stretch I Trunk — back- 
vrard — bend! (Fig. 58.) Trunk — upward — raisel 



Third and Fourth Glass of Grammar Schools, 73 



Trunk — forward and downward — bend ! (Fig. 59.) 
Upward— raise I Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Xeck — firm! 
Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — 
bend ! Raise ! (Fig. 45.) Position ! 

9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place! Change — 
quick 1 (With a hop or dancing step.) 

10. Slow Leg. Arms 




Fig. 59. Fig. 60. 



11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Heels — 
raise, and Arms — sideways — fling ! (Inhale.) Heels — 
sink, and Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) 

SIXTH day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Three steps — forward, and 
About — face — march! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left — forward — fall out! 
(Figs. 6 and 60.) Feet — change ! One ! Two ! Position 1 

4 D 



74 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



3. Arch. K'eck — firm! Trunk — backward — bend I 
Upward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — deep — bend! Arms 
— forward, sidewaj^s, and upward — stretch! Knees — 
stretch ! Position ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — 
bend ! Knee — forward — stretch ! Bend ! Backward — 
stretch! (Figs. 21 and 28.) Bend! Knees — change I 

6. Back. Arms — forward — bend! 
Trunk — forward — bend ! Arms — 
sidewaj^s — fling! Bend! (Fig. 61.) 
Fling ! Trunk — upward — raise ! Po- 
sition ! 

7. Front. Arms — upward — stretch, 
and Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk 
— backward — bend! (Fig. 5L) Up- 
ward — raise ! Feet — change ! The 
same ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways • — place, 
and Arms — sideways — stretch ! Trunk 
— to left — twist! To right — twist! 
(In Quick time.) Forward — twist ! 

9. Jump. From place — forward — jump! One! 
Two ! Three ! Four ! Five ! Six ! (See Jumps.") 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm ! Left leg — backward- 
raise ! Right heel — raise ! Sink ! Feet — change ! 
Left heel — raise! Sink! Position! 

11. Respiratory. Heels — raise, Knees — bend, and 
Arms — sideways and upward — raise ! (Fig. 50.) (In- 
hale.) Knees — stretch, and Arms and heels — sink! 
(Exhale.) 




Fig. 61. 



Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools. 75 



SEVENTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention! Left — face! One step — to 
left — march ! Right — face, and One step — forward — 
march ! 

2. Leg. Half — right — face I Hips — firm I Left — 
ontward— fall out ! (Fig. 37.) Position ! Left— face ! 
Hips — firm 1 Right — outward — fall out 1 Position ! 
Half— right— face ! 

3. Arch. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Feet 
. — change! The same ! Position I 

4. Arm. Left arm — forward and upward — fling! 
Arms — change ! Both arms — sideways, upward, and 
downward — stretch ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left leg — forward — raise! 
Left leg — rotation! One! Two! Legs — change! 
Right leg — rotation ! One ! Two ! Position ! 

6. Back. Feet — sidewaj-s — place! Trunk — forward 
— bend ! Arms — forward and upward — fling ! 
Trunk — upward — raise! Position ! 

7. Front. Feet — sidewa3^s — place, and Hips — firm ! 
Trunk — forward — bend ! Trunk — circling ! (To tlie 
left — backward — right — forward; then to right — back- 
ward — left — forward.) (Fig. 31.) Trunk — upward — 
raise ! Position ! 

8. Side. Left foot — forward — place, and Right arm 
— upward — stretch ! One ! Two ! Trunk — to left — 
bend! Upward — raise! Arms, and Feet — change! 
One ! Two ! Trunk — to right — bend ! Upward — 
raise ! Position ! 



76 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



9. 

jump 
Four 



Jump. Turning 
I The same to 
I Five 1 Six 1 




Fig. 62. 



90 degrees — to left — in place — 
right! One! Two! Three! 
(See "Jumps.") 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! 
Left toe — backward — place ! 
Right knee — bend ! Stretch ! 
Feet — change! Left knee — 
bend ! Stretch ! Position ! 
(Keep the trunk well up and 
backward leg straight, chest for- 
ward.) (Fig. 62.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — for- 
ward and upward — fling, and 
Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Side- 
ways and downward — sink ! 



EIGHTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. Attention! Tliree steps— forward, About 
— face, and Two steps — forward — march ! One ! Two ! 
Three ! Four ! Five ! Six ! Seven ! (Left— right 
— left — turn — left — right — left.) (When the turning 
has been done on the balls of both feet, the left foot is 
placed forward at once^ without stopping.) 

2. Leg. Hips — firm ! Left — backward — fall out ! 
(The left foot is placed three feet's length straight back- 
ward, and the right knee is bent, as in Right — forward 
—fallout.) (Fig. 60.) Feet— change! One! Two! 

3. Arch. Arms — upward — stretch ! One ! Tw^o ! 
Trunk — backward — bend! Upward raise! (Figs. 58 
and 59.) Forward — bend! Upward — raise! Position! 



Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools. 11 



4. Arm. Heels — raise, and Arms — upward — bend! 
Arms — upward — stretch, and Knees — bend ! Arms — 
bend, and Knees — stretch! (In Quick time.) Arms 
— stretch! Knees — bend! Arms — bend! Knees — 
stretch ! Position ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm I Half— right — face ! Left — 
outward — fall out ! Left heel — raise ! Sink ! Position ! 
Left — face ! Eight — outward — fall out ! Right heel 



—raise! Sink! (Fig. 63.) Position! Half— right- 
face ! 

6. Back. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
Upward — raise ! Arms and feet — change ! One ! Two I 
^ The same ! 

Y. Front. Hips — firm ! Kneel — down ! Trunk — 
backward — bend! Raise! Bend! Raise! (Pig. 64.) 
Position ! 

8. Side. Arms — forward — bend, and Feet — close! 
Trunk — to left — twist, and Arms — sideways — fling ! 




Fig. 63. 



Fig. 64. 



78 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



(Fig. 65.) Forward — twist, and Arms — bend! To 
right — twist, and Arms — fling ! Forward — twist ! Po- 
sition ! 

9. Jump. One step — 
3 forward — jump! One! 

Two! Three! Four! Five! 
(Fig. 35.) 

10. Slow Leg. Left leg 
— forward, and Arms — 
sideways — raise! K-ight 
heel — raise! Sink! Legs — 
change ! Left heel — raise ! 
Sink I Position ! 

IL Respiratory. Arms 
— upward — bend ! Trunk 
— forward — bend! Arms — sideways — stretch! (Slowly, 
inhale.) Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Trunk — upward — 
raise ! Position ! 

NINTH day's order. 

1. Order. Attention! Right — face — two steps — to 
right — Left face — two steps — forward — march! One ! 
Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! Seven! Eight! 
Nine ! 

2. Leg. Half — left — face! Hips — firm! Left — back- 
ward — outward — fall out ! (The left leg is placed three 
feet's length oblique backward, in the direction of the 
right heel. The right knee is bent, as in Right — out- 
ward—fall out.) (Fig. 37.) Position! Right— face ! 
Hips — firm! Right — backward — outward — fall out! 
Position ! Half — left — face ! 




Third and Fourth Class of Grammar Schools, 79 



3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
ward — stretch, and Feet — sideways — place ! Trunk — 
backward — bend! Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
support ! (They place one foot forward and raise their 
arms so as to grasp the hands 
of the one in front and support 
him from falling backward.) 
(Fig. 66.) The first lines- 
Heels — raise ! Heels — sink ! 
Trunk — upward — raise! Po- 
sition! About — face! The 
same ! 

4. Arm. Left — forward — fall 
out! Arms — forward, upward, 
and downward — stretcli ! Feet 
— change ! One ! Two ! The Fig. 66. 
same ! 

5. Balance. Feet — close, and Arms — sidewa3^s — 
raise! Left foot — forward — place! Heels — raise! Sink! 
Feet — change ! The same ! Position ! 

6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend ! (Fig. 12.) 
Arm — rotation! One! Two! One! (Now the fore- 
arms shall be perpendicular, pointing straight upward.) 
Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Arms — side- 
ways — stretch ! Arms — upward — raise ! Sidewaj^s — 
downward — sink ! 

7. Front. Hips — firm ! Left — forward — fall out ! 
Right knee — on floor — support ! Trunk — backward — 
bend ! Trunk — raise ! Right knee — stretch ! Feet — 
change! One! Two! Left knee — on floor — sup- 
port I The same! Position! (See Fig. 72, but hips 
firm.) 




80 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 

8. Side. Arms — upward — stretch ! Trunk — to left — 
bend ! Upward — raise ! To right — bend 1 Upward — 
raise ! (Fig. 68.) Position I 

9. Jump, Hips — firml Left 
foot — forward — place I Change — 
quick ! Halt ! Position.I 

10. Slow Leg. Half— left- 
face ! Right foot — outward — place, 
and Neck — firm! Heels — raise! 
Knees — bend ! Stretch I Sink ! 
Position ! Right — face ! Left foot 
— outward — place, and Neck — 
firm! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! 
Stretch! Sink! (Fig. 54.) Posi- 
tion ! Half — left — face ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — for- 
ward — bend, and Left foot — backward — place! Trunk 
— slight!}^ backward — bend! Arms — sidewaj^s — fling! 
(Inhale.) Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Trunk — raise ! 
Feet — change ! The same ! Position ! 




Fi7'd and Second Class of Grammar Schools, 81 



V. Tables for First and Second Class of 
THE Grammar Schools, 



Fifteen Days' Orders, as follows : — 



First Day's Order, .... 


daily for 1 wk. 


Second Day's Order, 


ciaily tor 1 * 


First and Second Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 1 


TliH'd Day s Order, 


daily for 1 


Second and iliira Days Urclers, . 


. alternately for 1 


Fourtli Day's Order, 


daily for 1 




ji 1 fpvn fi t p1 V fnv 1 

• CllLCiJ-lClLCiV iV^i i 


Fifth Day's Order, 


daily for 1 


Fourth and Fifth Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 1 


Sixth Day's Order, 


daily for 1 


Fifth and Sixth Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 1 


Seventh Day's Order, . 


daily for 1 " 


Sixth and Seventh Days* Orders, . 


. alternately for 1 


Eighth Day's Order, 


daily for 1 


Seventh and Eighth Days' Orders, 


. alternately for 1 


Ninth Day's Order, . . . ^ 


daily for 1 


Eighth and Ninth Days' Orders, . 


. alternately for 1 


And so on. 





If the pupils have had no previous training, the 
tables for Fifth and Sixth and Third and Fourth classes 
of the grammar schools should be given first, but in 
shorter time. 

FIRST day's order. 



1. Order. For Order movements the teacher may 
give different facings, marching, dressing, etc., as de- 
scribed in the foregoing tables. 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Feet — close! Open! (Fig. 2.) 
Alternate — heels, and Toes — raise ! Position ! 

4* 



82 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



3. Arch. Head — to left — twist I Forward — twist! 
To rigiit— twist ! (Fig. 32.) Forward— twist ! Head- 
backward — bend ! (Fig. 23.) Upward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — sideways, upward, and downward — 
stretcli ! (Fig. 29.) One ! Two ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Heels — raise 1 Knees — 
bend! (Figs. 21 and 38.) Stretch! Bend! Stretch! 
Sink ! Position ! 

6. Back. Hips — firm! Trunk — forward — bend I 
(Fig. 25.) Upward — raise! Xeck — firm! Position! 

7. Front. Hips — firm! Trunk — backward — bend! 
(Fig. 24.) Upward — raise ! Position ! 

8. Side. Trunk — to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
To right — bend! (Fig. 26.) Upward — raise! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm! Prepare to — jump! One! 
Two! Three! Four! Position! (Heels — raise! Knees — 
bend! Stretch! Sink!) 

10. Slow Leg. Arms — forward and upward, and 
Heels — raise! (Figs. 18 and 37.) Forward and down- 
ward — sink ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewaj^s — raise! Hands — 
turn! (Palms up.) Arms — upward — raise! (Inhale.) 
(Fig. 36.) Arms — sideways — sink! (Exhale.) 

SECOND day's order. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Left foot — forward — place, and Arms — 
upward — bend ! Heels — raise, and Arms — upward — 
stretch! (Figs. 40 and 57.) Heels — sink, and Arms — 
bend ! Feet and arms — change ! Position ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! 
Upward — raise! (Figs. 24 and 25.) Forward — bend! 
Upward — raise ! 



First and Second Class of Grammar ScJiooh, 83 



4. Arm. Arms — forward — bend! Sideways — fling 1 
(Pig. 20.) Bend I Fling ! (In Quick time.) Position ! 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left knee — upward — 
bend ! Forward — stretch I (Fig. 27.) Bend ! Knee — 
change ! The same ! 

6. Back. Arms— half-forward— bend ! (Fig. 12.) 
Arms — rotation ! One ! Two 1 Position ! 

7. Front. Hips — firm, and Left foot — forward — 
place! Trunk — backward — bend! (Fig. 51, but hands 
on hips.) Upward — raise! Feet — change! The 
same ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Hips — firm! 
(Fig. 39.) Trunk— to left— twist ! Forward— twist ! 
(Fig. 33.) To right— twist! Forward— twist ! Position! 

9. Jump. Quick time — in place — march! One! Two! 
(Fig. 42.) Halt ! One ! Two ! Three ! Four ! 

10. Slow Leg. Mark time — mark! (Compare First 
Day's Order, Table III.) 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Sideways 
—fling! (Inhale.) Bend! (Exhale.) 

THIRD day's order. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Half — right — face! Hips — firm! Left — 
outward — fallout! Left heel — raise! Sink! (Fig. 63.) 
Position! Left — face! Hips — firm! Right — outward — 
fallout! Right heel — raise! Sink! Position! 

3. Arch. Head — to left — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
To right — bend ! Raise ! Head — backward — bend ! 
Upward — raise ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward, backward, and downward 
—stretch! (Fig, 29.) (In Quick time.) 



84 Sivedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



5. Balance. Arms — upward — stretch! Heels — - 
raise ! (Fig. 55.) Knees — deep — bend ! Stretch ! 
Position ! 

6. Back. Hips — firm ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
(Fig. 48.) Head— rotation ! Trunk— raise ! Position ! 

7. Front. Feet — sidewa3-s — place, and Arms — for- 
ward — bend ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Arms — side- 
waj^s — fling! Bend! Fling! Trunk — upward — raise! 
Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — sidewaj^s — place, and Neck — firm 1 
(Fig. 45.) Trunk — to left — bend! Upward — raise! 
To right — bend ! Raise ! Position ! 

9. Jump. In place — jump! One! Two! Three! 
Four! Five! Six! (Fig. 34.) 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, and Heels — raise! In 
place — march! Halt! One! Two! Position! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward and upward, and 
Heels — raise ! (Fig. 37.) (Inhale.) Arms — sidewaj^s, 
downward, and Heels — sink! 

FOURTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Arms — upward — bend, and Heels — raise I 
Arms — upward — stretch, and Knees — bend! Arms — 
bend, and Knees — stretch! Arms — stretch, ancZ Knees 
— bend ! Position ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Head — to left — twist ! Head 
— backward — bend I Upward — raise ! To riglit — twist ! 
Backward — bend ! (When head is bent backward in 
this position it is bent toward the opposite shoulder.) 
Upward — raise ! Forw^ard — twist ! Trunk — forward — 
bend ! Upward — raise ! 



First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 85 



4. Arm. Left arm — sideways, and Right arm — 
upward — stretcli ! (Fig. 41.) Cliange ! One! Two! 
Botli arms — upward and dowuw^ard — stretch i 

5. Balance. Hips — firm ! Left leg — forward — raise ! 
Left foot — upward — bend, and Downward — stretch! 
One! Two! Cliange — legs! The same! (See " Bend," 
page 26.) 

6. Back. Feet — sidewa^^s — place, and iseck — firm ! 
Trunk — forward — bend! Upward — raise! Position! 

7. Front. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
firm! Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — raise! Feet 
— change ! The same ! Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, aiid Hips — firm! 
Trunk — forward — bend! Trunk — circling! (Fig. 3L) 
(To left — backward — right — forward, and reverse.) 
Trunk — upw^ard — raise ! Position ! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Feet — sidewa3^s — place ! 
with (Fig. 53) a jump! and together! One! Two! 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — backward — 
raise ! (Fig. 46.) Legs — change ! One ! Tw^o ! Po- 
sition ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sidewa3's — raise! Arms — 
circling! (Upward, backward, downw^ard, forw^ard.) 
Hands— turn ! Arms — raise ! Sink ! 

FIFTH day's order. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left— forward — fallout! (Figs. 
6 and 60.) Left heel— raise! (Fig. 63.) Sink! Legs 
— change! One! Two! The same ! Position! 

3. Arch. Feet — sidewa^^s — place, and Hips — firm ! 
£[ead— to left — twist ! Forward, aiid To right— twist I 



86 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



Forward — twist I Trunk — backward — bend ! Up- 
ward — raise 1 Forward — bend I Upward — raise 1 
Position I 

4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — deep — bend! Arms 
— sideways, upward, and downward — stretcli! Knees — 
stretcli ! Heels — sink 1 

5. Balance. Hips — firm, and Heels — raise! Left 
foot — forward — place! Feet — change! One! Two! 
(The weight of the body even on both legs ; heels must 
not come down.) Position ! 

6. Back. Arms — sidewaj^s — raise, and Left foot — 
forward — place! Trunk — forward — bend! Upward — 
raise! Feet — change! The same ! Position! 

T. Front. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
ward — stretch! Trunk — backward — bend! Second, 
fourth, and sixth lines — support ! (See Ninth Day's 
Order, Table IV, Fig. 66, but heels down.) The first 
lines — Trunk — upward — raise I Position ! About — 
face ! The same ! 

8. Side. Right arm — upward — stretch, and Feet — 
close! One! Two! Trunk— to left— bend ! (Fig. 52.) 
Upward — raise! Arms — change! One! Two! Trunk — 
to right — bend! Raise! Position! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — bend! 
(Fig. 56.) Knees — change — quick ! Halt! Posi- 
tion ! 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, aytd Left foot — forward 
— place ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! Stretch ! Sink 1 
Feet — change ! The sam.e ! 

11. Respiratory, Arms — forward — raise! Arms — 
sidewaj'S— fling, a?id Heels — raise! (Inhale.) Arms — 
forward — move, and Heels — sink ! (Exhale.) Position! 



First and Second Class of Grammar Schools, 



SI 



SIXTH day's order. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
— stretch! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! (Fig. 44.) 
Knees — stretch ! Sink I Position ! 

3. Arch. Hips — firm ! Head — circling ! (Left and 
right.) (Fig. 30.) Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk 
— forward — bend! Raise! Feet — change! The same ! 
Position ! 

4. Arm. Arms — forward, upward, sideways, back- 
ward, and downward — stretch! (Fig. 29.) 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left knee — upward — bend! 
(Fig. 28.) Backward — stretch! Bend! Knees — change! 
One! Two! Tiie samel 

6. Back. Arms — forward — bend ! Trunk — forward 
— bend! Arms — sideways — fling! Bend! (Fig. 61.) 
Fling ! Trunk — upward — raise I Arms — sink ! 

7. Front. Feet — sidewaj^s — place, and Hips — firm! 
Trunk — forward — bend ! Trunk — circling ! (Compare 
Group 8, Fourth Day's Order.) Trunk — upward — raise! 
Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — upward 
—stretch! (Fig. 4T.) Trunk— to left— twist! (Fig. 49.) 
Forward, a?i(i To right — twist! Forward — twist! Po- 
sition ! 

9. Jump. From place — forward — ^jump ! One! Two! 
Three! Four! Five! Six! (See ^'Jumps.") 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left leg — forward — 
raise! Legs — change I (Fig. 19.) One! Two! Position! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways and upward, and 
Heels — raise! (Figs. 18 and 36.) (Inhale.) Arms and 
Heels— sink I 



88 Swedish Sydem of Educational Gymnastics, 
SEVENTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Neck— firm! Left — forward— fall out! 
Heels — raise ! Heels — sink ! Legs — change I The same ! 
(Both heels are raised without changing the position of 
the legs, trunk, or head.) 

3. Arch. Arms — sidewaj^s — raise I Trunk — back- 
ward — bend I Upward — raise I Forward— bend ! Up- 
ward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Left foot — forward — place ! Left arm — side- 
waj^s — upward— fling ! Arms — change ! Both arms 
— forward, upward, and downward — stretch! Feet- — 
change ! The same I 

5. Balance. Hips — firm! Left leg— forward — raise! 
Left foot— circling ! Left leg— rotation ! Legs — change ! 
Right foot— circling ! Right leg — rotation ! Position ! 

6. Back. Feet — sidewa3'S — place, and Arms^ — side- 
ways — raise I Trunk — forward — bend ! Arm — rotation ! 

One! Two! One! Trunk— up- 
ward — raise ! Arms — upward — 
raise ! Position ! One ! Two ! 

1. Front. Hips— firm ! Left 
—forward — fall out ! Trunk— 
backward— bend ! Trunk — raise! 
(Straighten forward.) Legs — 
change ! The same ! (The trunk 
is bent backward, maintaining 
the front knee in a right angle 
and the backward leg straight.) 
8. Side. Arms — upward — 
Fig. 68&. stretch, and Feet — - sideways — 

place! Trunk— to left — bend! (Fig. 686.) Upward 
— raise ! To right — bend ! Raise ! Position I 




First and Second Class of Grammar Schools, 89 



9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place! Change — 
quick! (With a hop or dancing-step.) 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm, and Left leg — backward 
— -raise! Right heel — raise! Sink! Legs — change! 
Left heel — raise ! Sink ! Position ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways, Heels — raise! 
Knees — bend, and Arms — upward — raise ! (Fig. 50.) 
(Inhale.) Knees — stretch, and Arms — sideways — sink ! 
(Exhale.) 

EIGHTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Heels — raise! Knees — bend, aiid Arms — 
sideways and upward — raise! (Fig. 50.) Knees — stretch, 
and Arms — sink ! 

3. Arch. Feet — sideways — place, and Arms — for- 
ward — bend ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Arms — side- 
TOys — fling ! Trunk — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Left — forward — fallout! Arms — forw^ard, 
sideways, upward, backward, and downward — stretch I 
Legs — change ! The same ! 

5. Balance. Left foot — forw^ard — place, and Arms — 
sidew^aj^s — raise! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! 
Sink! Feet — change! The same ! Position! 

6. Back. Trunk — forward — bend ! Neck — firm ! 
Hips — firm ! Neck — firm ! Trunk — upward — raise ! 
Position ! 

1, Front. Hips — firm! Kneel — down! Trunk — 
backward — bend! (Fig. 64.) Trunk — raise! Backward 
— bend! Raise ! Position ! 

8. Side. Arms — forward — bend, and Feet— close I 
Trunk — to left — twist, and Arms — sideways— fling ! 
(Fig. 61.) Trunk — forw^ard — twist, and Arms— bend! 

Da 



90 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



To right — twist, and Arms — fling ! Forward — twist, and 
Arms — bend ! Position ! 

9. Jump. From place — backward — jump! One! 
Two! Tliree! Four! Five! Six! (See Jumps.") 

10. Slow Leg. Hips — firm! Left toe — backward — 
place! (Fig. 62.) Right knee— bend ! Stretch! Feet 
— change ! Left knee — bend ! Stretch ! Position ! 

IL Respiratory. Arms — upward — bend! Trunk — 
backward — bend ! Arms — sideways — stretch ! (Inhale.) 
Arms — bend ! (Exhale.) Stretch ! (Inhale.) Trunk 
— raise, and Arms — sink! (Exhale.) 

NINTH day's order. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Hips — firm! Left foot — forward — place I 
Heels — raise! Knees — bend! Stretch! Sink! Feet — 
change ! The same ! Position ! 

3. Arch. Arms — sidewa3^s — raise! Head — backward 
— bend! Upward — raise! Trunk — backward — bend! 
Upward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Heels — raise! Knees — deep — bend! Arms 

forward, upward, sidewa3^s, backward, and downward 

— stretch ! Knees — stretch'! Heels — sink ! 

5. Balance. Half — right — 
face! Left arm — upward, 
and Right arm — backward — 
stretch, and Left — outward — 
fall out! (Fig. 69.) One 1 
Two ! Left heel— raise I Sink 1 
Position ! Left — face ! Kight 
arm — upward, and Left arm — 
backwnrd — stretch, and Right 
—outward— fall out ! The same ! Half— right— face ! 




First and Second Class of Grammar Schools, 91 



6. Back. Left — backward — fall out, and Arms — for- 
ward and upward — fling! One! Legs and Arms — 
change! One! Two! (The leg is placed three feet's 
length straight backward and the front knee bent, as in 
Forward — fall out; the arms are raised at the same 
time. When changed, the Fundamental position is 
taken at One ! and the Fall out and Arms upward 
at Two.) 

I, Front. Feet — sideways — place, a?i(i Arms — upward 
— stretch! (Fig. 47.) Trunk — backward — bend! (Fig. 
58.) Arms— bend! Stretch! Trunk— raise ! (Fig. 59.) 
Forward and downward — bend! Upward — raise! 
Position ! 

8. Side. Arms — sideways — raise! Trunk — to left 
— twist! To left — bend! Upward — raise! To right 
— twist I To right — bend ! Upward — raise ! Forward 
— twist ! Position ! 

9. Jump. With turning 90 degrees to the left — in 
place — jump! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! 
The same, to the right ! (See Jumps.") 

10. Slow Leg. Arms — sideways, a7id Left leg — 
forward — raise! (Fig. 19.) Right heel — raise! Sink! 
Leo's — chano'e ! The same ! 

II. Respiratory. Trunk — to left — twist! Arms — 
forward — bend ! Arms — sidewa^^s — fling ! (Inhale.) 
Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Trunk — to right — twist! 
Arms— fling ! Bend ! Forward — twist ! Position ! 

TENTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Heels— raise, and ISTeck — firm! Knees — 
deep — bend! Stretch! Bend! Stretch! Heels — sink! 
Position ! 



92 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



3. Arch. Left foot — forward — place, and Neck — 
firm ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! For- 
ward — bend ! Raise ! Feet — change ! The same ! 
Position ! 

4. Arm. Left — forward — fall out, and Arms — for- 
ward — bend ! Arms — sidewa3's — fling ! Bend I Fling ! 
Arms — upward — raise ! Sink, and Legs — change, and 
Arms — forward — bend ! The same ! 

5. Balance. Arms — sideways — raise! Left knee — 
upward — bend ! Forward — stretch ! Bend ! Backward 
— stretch! (Figs. 2t and 28.) Bend! Knees — change! 
The same! 

6. Back. Arms — upward — stretch! Trunk — for- 
ward and downward — bend ! (Fig. 59.) Upward — raise ! 
Position ! 

7. Front. Hips — firm! Left — forward — fall out! 
Right knee — on floor — support ! Trunk — backward — 
bend! (Fig. 67.) Trunk — raise! Right knee— stretch ! 
Legs — change ! Left knee — on floor — support ! The 
same ! Position ! 

8. Side. Left hip, and Right neck — firm, and Left 
foot — forward — place ! Trunk — to left — bend ! Upward 
— raise ! Hands, and Feet — -change ! Trunk — to right — 
bend! Upward — raise! Position! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm ! Hopping twice on each 
foot — Quick time — march ! One ! Two 1 One ! Two ! 
(Fig. 42.) 

10. Slow Leg. Half — left — face! Hips — firm, and 
Right foot— outward — place ! Heels — raise ! Knees — 
bend! (Fig. 54.) Stretch! Sink! Position! Right- 
face ! Hips — firm, and Left foot — outward — place! The 
same ! Position ! 



First and Second Class of Grammar Schools, 



93 



11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise, and Left 
foot — backward — place 1 Hands — tarn ! Trunk — back- 
ward — bend, and Arms — upward — raise! (Fig. 51.) 
(Inhale.) Trunk — raise, a7id Arms — sideways — sink! 
(Exhale.) Feet — change! The same! 

ELEVENTH DAy'S ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Arms — forward — bend! Left — backward — 
fall ont^ and Arms — sidew^ays — fling! Arms — hend^ and 
Foot — replace ! Arms — fling, and Right — backw^ard — 
fall out ! Position! 

3. Arch. Hips— firm! Trunk— to left— twist ! Trunk 
— backward — bend! Upward — raise! Forward, aiid 
To right — twist ! Backward — bend ! Upward — raise ! 
Forward — twist ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Arms — half-forward — bend! (Fig. 12.) 
Arm — rotation ! One ! Two ! One ! (Xow the fore- 
arms shall be perpendicular on the upper-arms.) Left 
arm — sidewaj^s — stretch! Right arm — sidewa3"s — 
stretch, a72d Left arm — half — bend! Change! Both 
arms — upward — stretch ! Position ! 

5. Balance. Arms — upward — stretch, ancZ Left foot 
— forw^ard — place ! Heels — raise ! Knees — bend ! 
Stretch! Sink! Arms — bend, and Foot — replace! 
Arms — stretch, and Right foot — forward — place ! The 
same ! Position ! 

6. Back. Feet — sidewaj^s — place, and Arms — up- 
ward — stretch ! Trunk — forward — bend ! Arms — bend ! 
Arms — stretch! Trunk — raise ! Position ! 

7. Front. Left foot— forward — place ! Trunk — 



94 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



backward — bend ! Arms — sidewa^^s and upward — raise ! 
Sinkl Trunk — raise! Feet — change! The same ! 

8. Side. Hips — firm! Left — forward — fall out! 
Trunk — to left — twist ! Forward — twist ! Legs — 
change ! Trunk — to right — twist ! Forward — twist ! 
Position ! 

9. Jump. One step — forward — -jump ! One ! Two ! 
(Fig. 35.) Three! Four! Five! 

10. Slow Leg. Arms — upward — stretch! Heels — 
raise! (Fig. 55.) Knees — deep — bend! Stretch! Bend! 
Stretch ! Heels — sink ! Position ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk 
— to left — twist, and Arms — sidewa3^s — fling! (In- 
hale.) Forward — twist, and Arms — bend! (Exhale.) 
To right — twist, and Arms — fling ! Forward — twist, 
and Arms — bend ! Position ! 

TWELFTH day's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Arms — forward and upward, and Heels — 
raise! Knees — bend, and Arms — sideways — sink! 
Knees — stretch ! Heels — sink, and Arms — downward 
— sink ! 

3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
ward — stretch, and Feet — sidewaj^s — place! Trunk — 
backwaixl — bend! Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
support ! (Fig. 66.) The first lines — Trunk — upward 
— raise ! Position ! About — face ! The same ! 

4. Arm. Hands — on desks — place! Legs — backward 
— stretch! Legs — forward — stretch! (Fig. 70.) Po- 
sition ! (The first times the desks will be best, but after 



First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 95 




Fig. 70. 



awhile the hands may be placed on the seats ; the chest 
must be kept well forward, and shoulders back; head 
up.) 

5. Balance. Left 
— forward — fall out, 
and Arms — forward 
— bend! Heels — raise, 
and Arms — sideways 
— fling 1 Sink, and 
Arms — bend ! Legs 
— change ! The same ! 

6. Back. Arms — 
upward — stretch, aiid 
Left foot — forward — place ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
Arms — sideways — sink! Arms — upward — raise I Trunk 
— upward — raise I Arms, and Feet — change I The 
same I 

7. Front. Arms— upward — stretch! Kneel— dowm ! 
(Fig. 71.) Trunk— backward — bend ! Trunk — raise! 

Bend! Raise! Knees — stretch! 
Position ! 

8. Side. Feet — sideways 
— place, and jSTeck — firm! 
Trunk — to left — twist! To 
left — bend ! "Upward — raise ! 
Forward, and To right — twist I 
To right — bend! Upward — 
raise ! Forward — twist ! Po- 
sition ! 

With turning 180 degrees to the left — in 
One! Two! Three! Four! Fivel 




Fig. 7i. 



Jump. 

— jump ! 



9. 

place 

Six ! The same, to the right ! 



96 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



10. Slow Leg. Arms — forward and upward — fling, 
and Left toe — backward — place I (Fig. 62.) Right knee 
— bend! Stretch! Feet, and Arms — change! The 
same ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — forward — bend! Trunk — 
forward — bend! (Fig. 61.) Arms — sideways — fling! 
(Inhale.) Arms — bend! (Exhale.) Trunk — raise! 
Position ! 

THIRTEENTH DAT's ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Knees — deep — bend, and Arms — forward 
and upward — fling! Knees — stretch, and Arms — for- 
ward and downward — sink ! 

3. Arch. Head — circling! Halt! Neck — firm! 
Trunk — forward — bend ! Upward — raise ! Position ! 

4. Arm. Left — forward — fallout! Arms — forward, 
backward, sideways, upward, and downward — stretch ! 
Leo's — chano;e ! 

6. Balance. Hips — firm, a^id Heels — raise! Knees — 
bend! Left foot — outward — place! Feet — change! 
(Fig. 54.) One! Two! Right foot — replace! Knees — 
stretch! Position! (When the foot is placed outward 
the weight of the bod}" remains on the backward knee, 
which is kept in a right angle.) 

6. Back. Arms — half-forward — bend! Trunk — 
forward — bend! Arm — rotation! One! Two! One! 
(Fore-arms now perpendicular.) Arms — slowly — up- 
ward — stretch ! Trunk — upward — raise ! Neck — firm ! 
Position ! 

7. Front. Arms — forward and upward — fling, aiid 
Left— forward — fall oat ! Right knee— on floor— sup- 



First and Second Class of Gramma?' Schools, 97 



port! Trunk— backward — bend ! (Fig. 72.) Trunk — 
raise ! Right knee — stretch ! Arms, and Legs — change ! 
Left knee— on floor — sup- 
port ! The same ! 

8, Side. Feet — side- 
wa3^s — place, and Arms 
— sideways — raise! Trunk 
_to left — twist! To 
right— twist! To left! 
To right ! (In Quick time, 
without moving the hips 
and legs, and keeping the shoulders well back.) 

9. Jump. Arms — sideways and upward — fling, and 
Feet — sidewa3^s — place, with a jump! (As Fig. 53, but 
the arms raised quicklj^, sideways — upward, when Stride, 
and downward when legs come together.) 

10 and 11. Slow Leg and Respiratory. Arms — side- 
ways and upward — niise^ and Knees — bend! (Inhale.) 
Knees — stretch, and Arms — sink! (Exhale.) Arms — 
sideways — raise I Arms — circling ! Position ! 

FOURTEENTH DAY'S ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Half — right — face! Left arm — forward and 
upward, and Right arm — backward — fling, and Left — 
outward — fallout! One! Position! The same! Position! 
Left — face! Right arm — forward and upward, and Left 
arm — backward — fling, and Right — outward — fall out ! 
Position! 

3. Arch. Arms — upward — stretch, and Left foot — 
forward — place ! Trunk — backward — bend ! Upward — 

5 E 




98 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



raise! Forward — bend I Upward — raise I Feet, ancZ 
Arms — chansfe I The same I 



4. Arm. Hands — on desks- 




FiG. 73. 



-place ! Legs — forward 
— place I (Hang down 
in the arms, as Fig. 73.) 
Arms — bend I (The 
arms are bent in the 
elbow-joint, and body 
thereby lifted up.) 
Arms — stretch I Posi- 
tion! 

5. Balance. Half 
— left — face! Arms — upward — stretchy and Right foot 
—outward — place! (Fig. 64.) Heels — raise! Knees 
— bend! Stretch! Sink! Position! Right — face! 
Arms — upward — stretch, a7id Left foot — outward-^ 
place ! The same ! 

6. Back. Front- 
lying on desks — place! 
(As Fig. 14:.) Hips — 
firm ! Trunk — back- 
ward — bend ! Trunk 
— forward — stretch ! 
Position ! 

7. Front. Knees — 
bend ! Han d s — on 
floor — place ! (Be- 
tween the knees.) 
Legs — backward — 
stretch ! (Straight, as 

Fig. 75.) Keep this position a few seconds, then — Legs 
— bend ! Position ! Instead of this may be given 




Fig. 74. 



First and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 99 



the following : Arms — forward — raise! Kneel — down ! 
Trunk — backward — bend, and Arms — upward— fling I 
Trunk — raise, and Arms 
— forward — sink! Posi- 
tion I 

8. Side. Arms — up- 
ward — stretch, and Left 
foot — forward — place ! 
Trunk — to left^ — twist I 
To left— bend! Trunk 
— raise ! Forward — twist I Feet — change ! Trunk — to 
right — twist ! To right — bend I Trunk — raise ! For- 
w^ard — twist! Position! 

9. Jump. Hips — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — deep — 
bend ! In place — hop ! (Without stretching knees, and 
keeping the bod}^ straight.) Knees — stretch ! Position ! 

10. Slow Leg. Sideways — hands — grasp! (The pupils 
grasp the hands of each other on both sides.) Arms — 
upward, and Kight leg — backward — raise! Left knee 
— bend ! (When the knee is bent, the body is bent 
forward and the raised leg is kept straight backward 
as Fig. 7Y, but the hands continue to hold on to the 
neighbor, thereby steadying each other.) Left knee — 
stretch! Bend I Stretch! Feet — change! Right knee 
— bend ! Stretch ! Bend ! Stretch ! Position ! 

11. Respiratory. Swimming motion — Arms — forward 
— bend ! Arms — forward — stretch, and Sideways — 
fling ! (Inhale.) Arms — forward — bend ! (Exhale.) 
(The arms are brought straight forward, with the palms 
down^ and, without stopping, the arms are brought out 
sideways ; then the fore-arms are bent to the former 
position.) 




100 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics. 



FIFTEENTH DAY'S ORDER. 

1. Order. 

2. Leg. Half — left — face! Left foot — outward — 
place ^ and Xeck — firm! Heels — raise! Knees — bend! 
Stretch! Sink! Position! Right — face! The same ! 

3. Arch. First, third, and fifth lines — Arms — up- 
ward — stretch, and Feet — sidewa^^s — place ! Trunk — 
backward — bend! Second, fourth, and sixth lines — 
support ! First lines — Heels — raise ! Sink ! Raise ! 
Sink! Trunk — upward — raise! Position! About — 
face! The same! (Fig. 66.) 

4. Arm. Hands — on desks — place! Legs — backward 
— raise! (Fig. 76.) Arms — bend I Arms — stretch! 




Fig. 76. Fig. 77. 



(The arms must not be bent further than to a right 
angle in the elbow-joint; chest well forward; shoulders 
back ; head up.) Position ! 

5. Balance. Arms — forward and upward — fling, and 
Left leg — backward — raise ! Right knee — bend ! Right 
knee — stretch ! Arms, and Legs — change I Left knee 
—bend! Stretch! Position! (Fig. 77.) 



Fil'st and Second Class of Grammar Schools. 101 



6. Back. Arms— forward and upward — fling, and 
Left — backward — fall out ! Trunk — forward — bend ! 
(Without changing the position of the legs, the trunk 
is bent at the hips so that the trunk and arms are 
horizontal, the arms well up, not falling in front of the 
head.) Trunk — raise I Arms, and Legs — change ! Tlie 
same ! Position 1 

7. Front. Sitting — on desks — place ! Hips — firm ! 
Trunk — backward — bend! Upward — raise I (Fig. IS.) 
Position! 

8. Side. Half— right- 
face! Left arm — forward 
and upward, and Right arm /y 
— backward — fling, and Left \ ] 
— outward — fall out! Arms 
— change, and Trunk — to '^^ 
left — twist ! (The right arm 
is raised straight forward 
and upward, and the left 
arm brought forward, down- 
ward, and backward, and the 
trunk twisted to the left 
from above to hips ; the legs 

are kept steady, and the trunk not bent backward.) 
Arms — change, and Trunk — forward — twist ! Position ! 
Left— face ! Right arm— forward and upward, and 
Left arm — backward — -fling, and Right — outward — fall 
out! Arms — change, aiid Trunk — to right — twist! 
Arms — change, and Forward — twist ! Position ! 

9. Jump. Left foot — forward — place! Change — 
Quick! Halt! Left knee — upward — bend! Change- 
Quick ! Halt ! 




Fig. 78. 



102 Swedish System of Educational Gymnastics, 



10. Slow Leg. Knees — deep — bend! Hands — on 
desks (or seats) — support ! Left leg — forward — stretch ! 
(The weight of the body is thrown over on the right leg, 
and the left heel rests on the floor straight forward, with 
the left knee straight ; the trunk and head erect.) 
Legs — change! One! Two! Right leg — replace! 
Knees — -stretch ! Position ! 

11. Respiratory. Arms — sideways — raise, and Left 
foot— backward — place! Trunk — backward — bend, and 
Arras — upward — raise! (Inhale.) Trunk — raise, and 
Arras — sideways- — sink! (Exhale.) Feet — change I 
The same ! 



INDEX OF ENGRAVINGS. 







PAGE 


Arms— bend (hanging between desks) 


. Fig. 78 . . . 


. . 98 




. " 76 . . . 


. . 100 




. " 14 . . . 


. . 17 




. " 11 . . . 


. . 15 




. " 87 . . . 


. . 47 




. " 29 . . . 


. . 29 




. " 12 . . . 


. . 16 




. " 41 . . . 


. . 57 




. " 43 . . . 


. . 60 




. " 36 . . . 


46 




. " 20 . . . 


25 




. " 61 . . . 


. . 74 




. " 15 . . . 


. . 18 




. " 10 . . . 


. . 15 




. " 17 . . . 


. . 22 




. " 16 ... . 


. . 21 




6 . . . 


. . 11 


forward — (hips — firm) 


. " 60 . . . 


. . 73 




. " 7 . . . 


. . 12 




. " 63 . . . 


. . 77 




. " 69 . . . 


. . 90 




. " 46 . . . 


. . 61 


Foot— forward— place (forward— walk) 


. " 4 . . . 


. . 10 


forward — place, and arms — upward — stretch . . 


. " 57 


72 




. " 45 a . . 


. . 61 




. " 5 . . . 


. . 10 




. " 2 . . . , 


. . 8 




. " 3 . . . 


. . 9 


sideways— place, and arms— upward— stretch . 


. " 47 . . . 


. . 62 




. " 39 . . . 


. . 50 






. . 65 




1 . . . 


. . 7 




. " 23 . . . 


. . 27 










. " 32 . . . 


. . 32 




. " 48 . . . 


. . 62 




. " 18 ... , 


. . 24 




. " 40 . . . 


. . 52 




. " 63 . . . 

(103) 


. . 77 



Index of Engravings. 







PAGE 


Hips — firm (outward — walk) 


Fig. 8 . . 


. . . 12 




" 34 


... as 




" 53 . . 


, , . 65 




" 35 . . 


. . . 34 


Knees— bend (hips— firm, and lieels— raise) 


" 21 . . 


. . . 26 




" 38 . . 


47 




" 44 , 


60 


bend, and arms — sideways — upward — raise . . . . 


" 50 , 


63 




" 77 , . 


100 




" 54 . . 


65 




" 55 . . 


. . . 69 




" 22 . . 


. . . 26 




19 . . 


. . . 24 




" 27 . . 


. . . 29 




" 28 . . 


. . . 29 




9 . . 


. . . 14 




75 , . 


. . . 99 




" 70 . . 


. . . 95 




" 62 . . 


. . . 76 




24 . . 


. . . 27 




58 . . 


. . . 72 




" 66 . . , 


. . . 79 


backward— bend ( arms—up ward— for ward— walk 


" 51 . . . 


. . . 65 




" 74 . . 


, , , 98 




^' 64 . . , 




backward— bend (kneeling— arms upward) . . . . 


" 71 . . 


. . . 95 


backward — ^bend (half-kneeling — arms upward) . 


" 72 , . 


. . . 97 




78 . . , 


. . . 101 




" 61 . . 


. . . 74 




" 25 . . 


. . . 28 


forward— downward— bend (arms— upward) . . . 


59 . . 


. . . 73 




" 31 . . 


. . . 31 




" 26 . . 


. . . 28 




52 . . 


. . . 65 




68 . . 


. . . 80 




" 68 6 . 


. . . 88 




" 45 . . 


. . . 61 




33 . . 


. . . 32 




" 49 . . 


. . . 63 


sideways— twist, and arms— sideways— fling . . . 


" 65 . . 


. . . 78 



INDEX. 



Positions, 

PAGE 

Arms — forward, 17 

forward — bend, 15 

half-forward — bend, 17 

sideways, 17 

upward, 18 

upward — bend, 14 

Close, feet — , 8 

Fall out, forward — , 11 

outward — , 10 

Fundamental, 6 

Hips — firm, 12 

Neck— firm, 13 

Stride (feet — sideways — place), 9 

Walk, forward — , 9 

outward — , . , 10 

Primary Movements and Commanding Words, 

Attention, 20 

Bend, 26 

arms — forward — , 15 

arms — upward — , 14 

foot— 26 

bead — backward — , 27 

head — sideways — , 27 

knees — , 26 

knee — upward — , 26 

trunk — backward — , 27 

trunk — forward — , 27 

trunk — sideways— 28 

5^ (105J 



106 Index, 

PAGE 

Circling, 30 

arm — , 30 

foot— 30 

head—, 30 

trunk— 30 

Close, feet— , . . . 8, 23 

Dress — forward — , 21 

from tlie middle — , 21 

right (or left)—, 21 

Face, about — , , 21 

half— right (or left)—, . 21 

right (or left)—, 21 

Fall out, backward — , 23 

forward — , 11 

sideways — , 23 

outward — , 10 

outward — backward — , 23 

Fling, arms — forward and upward — , 25 

arms — sideways — , 25 

Front, . 21 

Halt, 23 

Jump, 32 

feet — sideways — place — with a, 35 

from place — backward — , 34 

from place — forward — , 34 

in place — , 33 

with one step — forward — , 34 

with turning — in place — , 34 

March, 22 

in place — , 57 

mark time — , 56 

quick time — in place — , 58 

Open, feet— 8, 23 

Place, feet — sideways — , 9, 23 

foot— forward— , \ 9, 23 

foot — outward — , 10, 23 

Position, 20 



Index, lot 

PAGE 

Raise, arms — , 24 

head— . 25 

heels— 24 

leg— 24 

toes — y 24 

trunk — , 25 

Rest, 35 

in place — , 35 

Rotation, arm — , 31 

leg—, 31 

Sink, arms — , 25 

heels — , 25 

legs — , 25 

toes — , 25 

Stretch, 28 

arms — backward — , 29 

arms — downward — , 29 

arms — forward — , 29 

arms — sideways — , 29 

arms — upward — , 29 

foot— 29 

knees — , 29 

leg — backward — , 29 

leg— forward — , . 29 

Twist, 32 

head— . 32 

trunk— . 32 



THE THREE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE REDUCED 
FAC-SIMILES OF PAGES FROM 



STANTON'S 

Practical Scientific Physiognomy; 

OR, 

HOW TO READ FACES. 

BY 

MARY OLMSTED STANTON. 



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FACSIMILE PAGE FROM ^'STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY "-^Reduced. 



HOW TO EEDUCE SIZE WITHOUT LOSING STBElfGTH. 1109 

vpice. A thorough-bred person may belong to the artistic, me- 
.chauidal, or scientific classes, either appreciatively or executively; 
lie nmst exhibit both gentleness and spirit, as occasion requires; he 
must be governed by the law of justice; he must make the com- 
fort of his associates his concern, and do what is right in order to 
enhance their happiness. 

The facial indications of thos^ who are not thorough-bred, 
speaking physiologically, are as follow: A coarse, thick skin ; a 
muddy" complexion, or one permanently blotched, pimpled, or 
discolored ; dull eyes, very small or very large and bulging ; 
coarse hair, or that which is very light or colorless, — that is to say, 
of no fJecided hue. I regard very light colored, pallid people as 
morbid varieties; also those with irregular teeth, a very small or 
ill-sbapen .lose, small nostrils, perpendicular jaws, exposed gums, 
open mouth, receding chin, or one that projects greatly forward, 
ending in a point; thin, pallid, dry lips; hollow cheeks, flat upper 
cheeks, ugly or ill-shapen ears; a voice weak, thin, hoarse, shrill 
or nasal; a long, cylindrical neck; a high, narrow forehead. 

The undue development of certain organs and systems of the 
body induces abnormal conditions, as, for example, an excessive 
disposition of fatty tissue. When the appetite is voracious, or the 
nutritive system uncommonly active, too much of the carbonaceous 
elements of the food are eliminated, or, as it often occurs, too much 
carbonaceous food, such as wliite bread, potatoes, etc., is consumed 
for tlie needs of the body; the consequence is an excess of fat, 
wliich, in many subjects, impedes respiration, prevents activity, 
and gives a generally uncomfortable feeling. For this condition a 
spare diet is often prescribed, but as this is felt to be a hardship, 
and as few who attempt it succeed in continuing it long enough to 
produce satisfactory results, it is pronounced a failure. 

For this class of people there is a very agreeable and sure 
method of reducing the bulk without reducing strength and with- 
out compelling too great a sacrifice of the appetite. 

HOW TO REDUCE THE SIZE WITHOUT LOSING STRENGTH. 

A diet which will attain this result is easily obtained, and of 
it the subject can use a quantity sufficient to allay the craving 
for food. 

This diet consists of absolutely raiv foods, nothing cooked 
being allowed. This diet, of course, must consist mainly of fruits, 
nuts, grains, milk, and, when flesh-meat is desired, a Hamburg 
beefsteak may be partaken of; this steak is raw beef chopped fine 
and seasoned with onion, salt, pepper, or other condiments; to 
this may be added raw oysters and clams. Every kind _of fruit 



FACSIMILE PAGE FROM "STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY Reduced. 



SYSTEMS AND FACULTIES EEQUIEED FOE A SUEGEOF. 1143 

is a dangerous Being) ; he should deveiop his friendliness, love of 
cliildren, and of the opposite sex; in short, he should be a lover 
of Ibumcmity. 

THE SYSTEMS AND FACULTIES REQUIRED FOR A SURGEON. 

The best form, for a surgeon who attempts the most severe 




Fig. 360.— EDWARD JENNER, M.T). (Cklebrated Enoljsh PHYSICIAN, 

AUTHCIR, A>D I>ISC()VKRER OF VACCINATION.) 

No scientific physioenDiiii.'st could mistake this face for other than that of a physi- 
cian, and an earnest and attentive one as well, as evidenccdby the signs of "natural 

{)hysician" in the cheek-bones, in the nttitude of the head and neck, and'by the thnught- 
ul, observant expression of the eye. The combination of systems in this subject is such 
as is most frequenily olinerved among physicians, viz.. the supremacy of the osseous and 
brain systems. The mu.HCular. thoi arte, and vegetative powers all assist ui this com- 
bination by their development. The signs for (conscience and Firmness are apparent. 
Love of Home and Patriotism rank hign. Benevolence, Amativeness, Love or Young, 
Mirth, Approbation, Self-esteem, Modesty, Friendship, Alinientiveness, Sanativeness, 
Pneumativeness, and Color combine to form a lovely domestic and social natuie. The 
form, size, and peculiaritie."^ of the nose claim attention. It is a nose denoting Con- 
structiveness. Originality, and logical power. The signs for Hope, Analysis, Mental 
Imitation, Human Nature. Ideality, Sublimity, Construction, and Acquisition are 
wtrongly delineated. Self-will is normally developed, while Size. Form. Observation, 
"Weight, Locality, Calculation, and Membrv of various sorts are manifest. The signa 
of Language in the eye and mouth denote tfuencv, while the practical faculties, being 
dominant, would give clearness, perspicacity, and dire( iness to his style of expression, 
either oral or written. Time, Order. Reason, and Intuition are well developed. The 
long-continued observation and experiments of this no!)le physician in his endeavor 
to protect humanity from the ravages of small-pox by his discovery of vaccination, 
met at last with a suitable recognition, for he received by a vote of Parliament the 
sum of £30,000, and special honors were awarded him. It is a singular fact that all of 
the beVfif actors of the human race— those whg have benefited it by discoveries of any 
kind •\vhatever— have met with the most violeiU opposition, treachery, and often 
disgrace, before they could make the world Bee the value of their discoveries. Such 
was the case with Dr. Jenner, but his firmness and truth at last gained the victory. 

operations is tlie round build of body and head, and many of them 
are of this shape. The muscular system should be supreme, with 
the brain system a close second, the bony and thoracic systems 
about equal and next in development 

The muscular tissue is comparatively wr?/ee/m(/~insensitive; 



FACSIMILE PAGE FROM "STANTON'S PHYSIOGNOMY' —Reduced. 



OTHER CLASSES OF SUEGEONS. 1145 

in the body. Form and Size are also requisite to aid the memory of 
the shape and relative position of each part, and to assist Locality. 
Human Nature is essential in order that he may be en rapport 
with his patients, and also to enable him to divine instinctively all 
bodily and mental states. He should be a good physiognomist, and 
be well versed in the paihologij of ])hysiognomy. He must have 
large Observation, in order to take cognizance of the most minute 
changes and appearances. Calculation is a useful trait also, as it 
is required in many ways in the medication and treatment of the 
wounded, as in chemistry and in making suigical implements, etc. 
He should have large Friendship, in order to attach his patients to 
him and to command their esteem; enough Benevolence to sympa-? 
thize, but not enough to weaken the feelings when severity is 
required. The faculty of Amativeness is necessary to comprehend^ 
the nature of the opposite sex ; Love of Young also, that he may 
inspire children with love and confidence. 

The sense of Weight should be a strong one, for the muscular 
sense is dependent upon its power in order to gauge the amiOunt 
of force to be used in handling instruments and in bandaging 
wounds, limbs, etc. Executiveness is required to assist authority 
and give resistance. Self-will is another ally most necessary, as 
well as Analysis, Time, Older, and Reason. A fair share of 
musical ability is required to assist the ear in making examinations 
of the heart and lungs, and in auscultation for various other pur- 
poses. If to these faculties one adds large Intuition, he has a fine 
bodily and mental equipment for the practice of surgery. 

OTHER CLASSES OF SURGEONS," 

Many army surgeons are characterized by a round and broad 
form, with broad, rather low, and roimd heads; short, round arms, 
and round and tapering fingers. This build is the most suitable 
for those severe operations which require the greatest exhibition of 
force, endurance, and coolness; another class of surgeons — those 
who undertake the more delicate and less forceful operations — are 
characterized by about an equal development of the brain and 
muscular systems. This class of surgeons tend naturally to the 
treatment of those finer, less difficult, "and more delicate cases of 
operative surgery, such, for example, as treatment of the ear, the 
eye. etc. This class of surgeons require a fine endowment of the 
brain and nervous system. In short, the muscles as well as nerves 
of this class must be sensitive to a great degree, and this combi- 
nation calls for a fine and high organization. 

The surgeon should be something of an actor in order to 
"know vvhen to be sympathetic and when to be severe. Yet he 



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Heredity, Health, ^ Personal Beauty. 

Including the Selection of the Best Cosmetics for the 
Skin, Hair, Nails, and All Parts Relating 
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BY 

JOHN V. SHOEMAKER, A.M., M.D., 

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CHnical Professor of Diseases of the Skin in the Medico-Chirurgical College of 
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The foundation of man's being in physical and mental attributes 
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Plain Talks on Avoided 
SoliJeGts. 

By HENRY N. GUERNSEY, M.U., 

Formerly Professor of Materia Medica and Institutes in the Hahnemann Medical College of 
Philadelphia; Author of Guernsey's " Obstetrics," including the Disorders Peculiar 
to Women and Young Children ; Lectures on Materia Medica, etc. 



THIS is a little volume designed to convey infor- 
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and so comprehensive in its teachings that, no matter 
how well informed one ma}^ be, something can 3^et be 
learned from this, and yet it is so plain that any one 
who can read at all can fally understand its meaning. 

The author. Dr. H. Guernsey, has had an un- 
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actual experience with all conditions of human life. 

His work is warmly endorsed by many leading 
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to be close observers. 

The following Table of Contents shows the 
scope of the book : — 

CONTENTS. Chapter I Introductory. II.— The Infant. III.— CMldhood. 

IV. — Adolescence of the Male. V. — Adolescence of the Female. 
VI,— Marriage ; The Husband. VII.— The Wife. VIII.— Husband and 
Wife. IX — To the Unfortunate. X.— Origin of the Sex. 

In One Neat 18mo Volume. Bound in Extra Cloth. Price, post-paid, in 
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Will be Published December I, 1891. 



THE CHINESE: 

Their Present and Future; 

Medical, Political, and Social. 

By ROBERT COLTMAN, Jr., M.D., 

Surgeon in Charge of the Presbyterian Hospital and Dispensary at Teng Chow Fu; Consulting 
Physician of the American Southern Baptist Mission Society ; Examiner in Surgery 
and Diseases of the Eye for the Shantung Medical Class; Consulting 
Physician to the English Baptist Missions, etc. 

The author has spent many j' ears among the Chinese ; lived 
with them in their dwellings ; thoroughly learned the language ; 
has become conversant with all their strange and odd character- 
istics to a greater extent than almost any other American. He 
has been a physician to all classes of this wonderful people, 
and the opportunities thus afforded for a clear insight into 
the inner life of the Chinese, their virtues and vices, political^ 
social, and sanitary condition, probable destiny, and their impor- 
tant position in the world to-da}^, have been ably and wisely 
used by Dr. Coltman. The simple, direct, straightforward 
style in which Dr. Coltman has written this book makes 
it entertaining and fascinating as well as profitable reading 
throughout. 

Illustrated with Fifteen Fine Engravings from Photographs 
of Persons, Places, and Objects Characteristic of China. 
In one Handsome Royal Octavo Volume of about 
250 pages. Appropriately bound in Extra 
Cloth, price, $1.75, net. 



1231 FILBERT STREET, 



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1 



